PRIZES AND AWARDS: Nobel Prize (1901–2000)

1901

Henri Dunant (Switzerland); Frederick Passy (France)

1902

Elie Ducommun and Albert Gobat (Switzerland)

1903

Sir William R. Cremer (U.K.)

1904

Institut de Droit International (Belgium)

1905

Bertha von Suttner (Austria)

1906

Theodore Roosevelt (U.S.)

1907

Ernesto T. Moneta (Italy) and Louis Renault (France)

1908

Klas P. Arnoldson (Sweden) and Frederik Bajer (Denmark)

1909

Auguste M. F. Beernaert (Belgium) and Baron Paul H. B. B. d‘Estournelles de Constant de Rebecque (France)

1910

Bureau International Permanent de la Paix (Switzerland)

1911

Tobias M. C. Asser (Holland) and Alfred H. Fried (Austria)

1912

Elihu Root (U.S.)

1913

Henri La Fontaine (Belgium)

1914

[no award]

1915

[no award]

1916

[no award]

1917

International Red Cross

1918

[no award]

1919

Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)

1920

Léon Bourgeois (France)

1921

Karl H. Branting (Sweden) and Christian L. Lange (Norway)

1922

Fridtjof Nansen (Norway)

1923

[no award]

1924

[no award]

1925

Sir Austen Chamberlain (U.K.) and Charles G. Dawes (U.S.)

1926

Aristide Briand (France) and Gustav Stresemann (Germany)

1927

Ferdinand Buisson (France) and Ludwig Quidde (Germany)

1928

[no award]

1929

Frank B. Kellogg (U.S.)

1930

Lars O. J. Söderblom (Sweden)

1931

Jane Addams and Nicholas M. Butler (U.S.)

1932

[no award]

1933

Sir Norman Angell (U.K.)

1934

Arthur Henderson (U.K.)

1935

Karl von Ossietzky (Germany)

1936

Carlos de S. Lamas (Argentina)

1937

Lord Cecil of Chelwood (U.K.)

1938

Office International Nansen pour les Réfugiés (Switzerland)

1939

[no award]

1940

[no award]

1941

[no award]

1942

[no award]

1943

[no award]

1944

International Red Cross

1945

Cordell Hull (U.S.)

1946

Emily G. Balch and John R. Mott (U.S.)

1947

American Friends Service Committee (U.S.) and British Society of Friends‘ Service Council (U.K.)

1948

[no award]

1949

Lord John Boyd Orr (Scotland)

1950

Ralph J. Bunche (U.S.)

1951

Léon Jouhaux (France)

1952

Albert Schweitzer (French Equatorial Africa)

1953

George C. Marshall (U.S.)

1954

Office of U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees

1955

[no award]

1956

[no award]

1957

Lester B. Pearson (Canada)

1958

Rev. Dominique Georges Henri Pire (Belgium)

1959

Philip John Noel-Baker (U.K.)

1960

Albert John Luthuli (South Africa)

1961

Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden)

1962

Linus Pauling (U.S.)

1963

Intl. Comm. of Red Cross; League of Red Cross Societies (both Geneva)

1964

Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (U.S.)

1965

UNICEF (United Nations Children‘s Fund)

1966

[no award]

1967

[no award]

1968

René Cassin (France)

1969

International Labour Organization

1970

Norman E. Borlaug (U.S.)

1971

Willy Brandt (West Germany)

1972

[no award]

1973

Henry A. Kissinger (U.S.); Le Duc Tho (North Vietnam)1

1974

Eisaku Sato (Japan); Sean MacBride (Ireland)

1975

Andrei D. Sakharov (USSR)

1976

Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams (both Northern Ireland)

1977

Amnesty International

1978

Menachem Begin (Israel) and Anwar el-Sadat (Egypt)

1979

Mother Teresa of Calcutta (India)

1980

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Argentina)

1981

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1982

Alva Myrdal (Sweden) and Alfonso García Roble (Mexico)

1983

Lech Walesa (Poland)

1984

Bishop Desmond Tutu (South Africa)

1985

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

1986

Elie Wiesel (U.S.)

1987

Oscar Arias Sánchez (Costa Rica)

1988

U.N. Peacekeeping Forces

1989

Dalai Lama (Tibet)

1990

Mikhail S. Gorbachev) (USSR)

1991

Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma)

1992

Rigoberta Menchú (Guatemala)

1993

F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela (both South Africa)

1994

Yasir Arafat (Palestine) and Yitzhak Rabin (Israel)

1995

Joseph Rotblat and Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs (U.K.)

1996

Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta (East Timor)

1997

International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Jody Williams (U.S.)

1998

John Hume and David Trimble (both Northern Ireland)

1999

Medecins Sans Frontières

2000

Kim Dae Jung (South Korea)

1901

René F. A. Sully Prudhomme (France)

1902

Theodor Mommsen (Germany)

1903

Björnstjerne Björnson (Norway)

1904

Frédéric Mistral (France) and José Echegaray (Spain)

1905

Henryk Sienkiewicz (Poland)

1906

Giosuè Carducci (Italy)

1907

Rudyard Kipling (U.K.)

1908

Rudolf Eucken (Germany)

1909

Selma Lagerlöf (Sweden)

1910

Paul von Heyse (Germany)

1911

Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgium)

1912

Gerhart Hauptmann (Germany)

1913

Rabindranath Tagore (India)

1914

[no award]

1915

Romain Rolland (France)

1916

Verner von Heidenstam (Sweden)

1917

Karl Gjellerup (Denmark) and Henrik Pontoppidan (Denmark)

1918

[no award]

1919

Carl Spitteler (Switzerland)

1920

Knut Hamsun (Norway)

1921

Anatole France (France)

1922

Jacinto Benavente (Spain)

1923

William B. Yeats (Ireland)

1924

Wladyslaw Reymont (Poland)

1925

George Bernard Shaw (Ireland)

1926

Grazia Deledda (Italy)

1927

Henri Bergson (France)

1928

Sigrid Undset (Norway)

1929

Thomas Mann (Germany)

1930

Sinclair Lewis (U.S.)

1931

Erik A. Karlfeldt (Sweden)

1932

John Galsworthy (U.K.)

1933

Ivan G. Bunin (Russia)

1934

Luigi Pirandello (Italy)

1935

[no award]

1936

Eugene O‘Neill (U.S.)

1937

Roger Martin du Gard (France)

1938

Pearl S. Buck (U.S.)

1939

Frans Eemil Sillanpää (Finland)

1940

[no award]

1941

[no award]

1942

[no award]

1943

[no award]

1944

Johannes V. Jensen (Denmark)

1945

Gabriela Mistral (Chile)

1946

Hermann Hesse (Switzerland)

1947

André Gide (France)

1948

Thomas Stearns Eliot (U.K.)

1949

William Faulkner (U.S.)

1950

Bertrand Russell (U.K.)

1951

Pär Lagerkvist (Sweden)

1952

François Mauriac (France)

1953

Sir Winston Churchill (U.K.)

1954

Ernest Hemingway (U.S.)

1955

Halldór Kiljan Laxness (Iceland)

1956

Juan Ramón Jiménez (Spain)

1957

Albert Camus (France)

1958

Boris Pasternak (USSR) (declined)

1959

Salvatore Quasimodo (Italy)

1960

St. John Perse (Alexis St.-Léger Léger) (France)

1961

Ivo Andric (Yugoslavia)

1962

John Steinbeck (U.S.)

1963

Giorgios Seferis (Seferiades) (Greece)

1964

Jean-Paul Sartre (France) (declined)

1965

Mikhail Sholokhov (USSR)

1966

Shmuel Yosef Agnon (Israel) and Nelly Sachs (Sweden)

1967

Miguel Angel Asturias (Guatemala)

1968

Yasunari Kawabata (Japan)

1969

Samuel Beckett (Ireland)

1970

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (USSR)

1971

Pablo Neruda (Chile)

1972

Heinrich Böll (Germany)

1973

Patrick White (Australia)

1974

Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson (both Sweden)

1975

Eugenio Montale (Italy)

1976

Saul Bellow (U.S.)

1977

Vicente Aleixandre (Spain)

1978

Isaac Bashevis Singer (U.S.)

1979

Odysseus Elytis (Greece)

1980

Czeslaw Milosz (U.S.)

1981

Elias Canetti (Bulgaria)

1982

Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia)

1983

William Golding (U.K.)

1984

Jaroslav Seifert (Czechoslovakia)

1985

Claude Simon (France)

1986

Wole Soyinka (Nigeria)

1987

Joseph Brodsky (U.S.)

1988

Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt)

1989

Camilo José Cela (Spain)

1990

Octavio Paz (Mexico)

1991

Nadine Gordimer (South Africa)

1992

Derek Walcott (Trinidad)

1993

Toni Morrison (U.S.)

1994

Kenzaburo Oe (Japan)

1995

Seamus Heaney (Ireland)

1996

Wislawa Szymborska (Poland)

1997

Dario Fo (Italy)

1998

José Saramago (Portugal)

1999

Gunter Grass (Germany)

2000

Gao Xingjian (China)

1901

Wilhelm K. Roentgen (Germany)

1902

Hendrik A. Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman (Netherlands)

1903

A. Henri Becquerel (France)

1904

John Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (U.K.)

1905

Philipp Lenard (Germany)

1906

Sir Joseph Thomson (U.K.)

1907

Albert A. Michelson (U.S.)

1908

Gabriel Lippmann (France)

1909

Guglielmo Marconi (Italy) and Ferdinand Braun (Germany)

1910

Johannes D. van der Waals (Netherlands)

1911

Wilhelm Wien (Germany)

1912

Gustaf Dalén (Sweden)

1913

Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes (Netherlands)

1914

Max von Laue (Germany)

1915

Sir William Bragg and William L. Bragg (U.K.)

1916

[no award]

1917

Charles G. Barkla (U.K.)

1918

Max Planck (Germany)

1919

Johannes Stark (Germany)

1920

Charles E. Guillaume (Switzerland)

1921

Albert Einstein (Germany)

1922

Niels Bohr (Denmark)

1923

Robert A. Millikan (U.S.)

1924

Karl M. G. Siegbahn (Sweden)

1925

James Franck and Gustav Hertz (Germany)

1926

Jean B. Perrin (France)

1927

Arthur H. Compton (U.S.)

1928

Sir Owen Richardson (U.K.)

1929

Prince Louis Victor de Broglie (France)

1930

Sir Chandrasekhara Raman (India)

1931

[no award]

1932

Werner Heisenberg (Germany)

1933

Erwin Schrödinger (Austria) and Paul A. M. Dirac (U.K.)

1934

[no award]

1935

James Chadwick (U.K.)

1936

Victor F. Hess (Austria)

1937

Clinton J. Davisson (U.S.) and George P. Thomson (U.K.)

1938

Enrico Fermi (Italy)

1939

Ernest Orlando Lawrence (U.S.)

1940

[no award]

1941

[no award]

1942

[no award]

1943

Otto Stern (U.S.)

1944

Isidor Isaac Rabi (U.S.)

1945

Wolfgang Pauli (Austria)

1946

Percy Williams Bridgman (U.S.)

1947

Sir Edward Appleton (U.K.)

1948

Patrick M. S. Blackett (U.K.)

1949

Hideki Yukawa (Japan)

1950

Cecil Frank Powell (U.K.)

1951

Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (U.K.) and Ernest T. S. Walton (Ireland)

1952

Edward Mills Purcell and Felix Bloch (U.S.)

1953

Fritz Zernike (Netherlands)

1954

Max Born (U.K.)

1955

Polykarp Kusch and Willis E. Lamb, Jr. (U.S.)

1956

William Shockley, Walter H. Brattain, and John Bardeen (all U.S.)

1957

Tsung Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang (China)

1958

Pavel A. Cherenkov, Ilya M. Frank, and Igor E. Tamm (all USSR)

1959

Emilio Segre and Owen Chamberlain (both U.S.)

1960

Donald A. Glaser (U.S.)

1961

Robert Hofstadter (U.S.)

1962

Lev D. Landau (USSR)

1963

Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert Mayer (both U.S.), and J. Hans D. Jensen (Germany)

1964

Charles Hard Townes (U.S.), Nikolai G. Basov, and Aleksandr M. Prochorov (both USSR)

1965

Richard P. Feynman, Julian S. Schwinger (both U.S.), and Shinichiro Tomonaga (Japan)

1966

Alfred Kastler (France)

1967

Hans A. Bethe (U.S.)

1968

Luis Walter Alvarez (U.S.)

1969

Murray Gell-Mann (U.S.)

1970

Hannes Alfvén (Sweden) and Louis Néel (France)

1971

Dennis Gabor (U.K.)

1972

John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer (all U.S.)

1973

Ivar Giaever (U.S.), Leo Esaki (Japan), and Brian D. Josephson (U.K.)

1974

Antony Hewish (U.K.) and Martin Ryle (U.K.)

1975

James Rainwater (U.S.), Ben Mottelson, and Aage N. Bohr (both Denmark)

1976

Burton Richter and Samuel C. C. Ting (both U.S.)

1977

Philip W. Anderson, John H. Van Vleck (both U.S.), and Nevill F. Mott (U.K.)

1978

Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson (both U.S.), Piotr L. Kapitsa (USSR)

1979

Steven Weinberg, Sheldon L. Glashow (both U.S.), and Abdus Salam (Pakistan)

1980

James W. Cronin and Val L. Fitch (both U.S.)

1981

Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur L. Schawlow (both U.S.), and Kai M. Siegbahn (Sweden)

1982

Kenneth G. Wilson (U.S.)

1983

Subrahmanyam Chandrasekhar and William A. Fowler (both U.S.)

1984

Carlo Rubbia (Italy) and Simon van der Meer (Netherlands)

1985

Klaus von Klitzing (Germany)

1986

Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig (both Germany), and Heinrich Rohrer (Switzerland)

1987

K. Alex Müller (Switzerland) and J. Georg Bednorz (Germany)

1988

Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, and Jack Steinberger (all U.S.)

1989

Norman F. Ramsey (U.S.), Hans G. Dehmelt (U.S.) and Wolfgang Paul (Germany)

1990

Richard E. Taylor (Canada), Jerome I. Friedman, and Dr. Henry W. Kendall (both U.S.)

1991

Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (France)

1992

George Charpak (France)

1993

Joseph H. Taylor and Russell A. Hulse (both U.S.)

1994

Clifford G. Shull (U.S.) and Bertram N. Brockhouse (Canada)

1995

Martin L. Perl and Frederick Reines (both U.S.)

1996

David M. Lee, Robert C. Richardson, and Douglas D. Osheroff (all U.S.)

1997

Steven Chu, William D. Phillips (both U.S.), and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (France)

1998

Robert B. Laughlin (U.S.), Horst L. Störmer (Germany), and Daniel C. Tsui (U.S.)

1999

Gerardus ‘t Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman (both Netherlands)

2000

Zhores I. Alferov (Russia) and Herbert Kroemer (U.S.); Jack S. Kilby (U.S.)

1901

Jacobus H. van‘t Hoff (Netherlands)

1902

Emil Fischer (Germany)

1903

Svante A. Arrhenius (Sweden)

1904

Sir William Ramsay (U.K.)

1905

Adolf von Baeyer (Germany)

1906

Henri Moissan (France)

1907

Eduard Buchner (Germany)

1908

Sir Ernest Rutherford (U.K.)

1909

Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany)

1910

Otto Wallach (Germany)

1911

Marie Curie (France)

1912

Victor Grignard (France)

1913

Alfred Werner (Switzerland)

1914

Theodore W. Richards (U.S.)

1915

Richard Willstätter (Germany)

1916

[no award]

1917

[no award]

1918

Fritz Haber (Germany)

1919

[no award]

1920

Walther Nernst (Germany)

1921

Frederick Soddy (U.K.)

1922

Francis W. Aston (U.K.)

1923

Fritz Pregl (Austria)

1924

[no award]

1925

Richard Zsigmondy (Germany)

1926

Theodor Svedberg (Sweden)

1927

Heinrich Wieland (Germany)

1928

Adolf Windaus (Germany)

1929

Sir Arthur Harden (U.K.) and Hans K. A. S. von Euler-Chelpin (Sweden)

1930

Hans Fischer (Germany)

1931

Karl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius (both Germany)

1932

Irving Langmuir (U.S.)

1933

[no award]

1934

Harold C. Urey (U.S.)

1935

Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie (both France)

1936

Peter J. W. Debye (Netherlands)

1937

Walter N. Haworth (U.K.); and Paul Karrer (Switzerland)

1938

Richard Kuhn (Germany)

1939

Adolf Butenandt (Germany) and Leopold Ruzicka (Switzerland)

1940

[no award]

1941

[no award]

1942

[no award]

1943

Georg Hevesy De Heves (Hungary)

1944

Otto Hahn (Germany)

1945

Artturi Illmari Virtanen (Finland)

1946

James B. Sumner (U.S.), John H. Northrop and Wendell M. Stanley (all U.S.)

1947

Sir Robert Robinson (U.K.)

1948

Arne Tiselius (Sweden)

1949

William Francis Giauque (U.S.)

1950

Otto Diels and Kurt Alder (both Germany)

1951

Glenn T. Seaborg and Edwin H. McMillan (both U.S.)

1952

Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge (both U.K.)

1953

Hermann Staudinger (Germany)

1954

Linus C. Pauling (U.S.)

1955

Vincent du Vigneaud (U.S.)

1956

Sir Cyril Hinshelwood (U.K.) and Nikolai N. Semenov (USSR)

1957

Sir Alexander Todd (U.K.)

1958

Frederick Sanger (U.K.)

1959

Jaroslav Heyrovsky (Czechoslovakia)

1960

Willard F. Libby (U.S.)

1961

Melvin Calvin (U.S.)

1962

Max F. Perutz and John C. Kendrew (U.K.)

1963

Carl Ziegler (Germany) and Giulio Natta (Italy)

1964

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin (U.K.)

1965

Robert B. Woodward (U.S.)

1966

Robert Sanderson Mulliken (U.S.)

1967

Manfred Eigen (Germany), Ronald G. W. Norrish, and George Porter (both U.K.)

1968

Lars Onsager (U.S.)

1969

Derek H. R. Barton (U.K.) and Odd Hassel (Norway)

1970

Luis F. Leloir (Argentina)

1971

Gerhard Herzberg (Canada)

1972

Christian Boehmer Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, and William Howard Stein (all U.S.)

1973

Ernst Otto Fischer (West Germany) and Geoffrey Wilkinson (U.K.)

1974

Paul J. Flory (U.S.)

1975

John W. Cornforth (Australia) and Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland)

1976

William N. Lipscomb, Jr. (U.S.)

1977

Ilya Prigogine (Belgium)

1978

Peter Mitchell (U.K.)

1979

Herbert C. Brown (U.S.) and Georg Wittig (West Germany)

1980

Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert (both U.S.), and Frederick Sanger (U.K.)

1981

Roald Hoffmann (U.S.) and Kenichi Fukui (Japan)

1982

Aaron Klug (U.K.)

1983

Henry Taube (U.S.)

1984

R. Bruce Merrifield (U.S.)

1985

Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle (both U.S.)

1986

Dudley R. Herschback, Yuan T. Lee (both U.S.), and John C. Polanyi (Canada)

1987

Donald J. Cram, Charles J. Pedersen (both U.S.), and Jean-Marie Lehn (France)

1988

Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, and Hartmut Michel (all West Germany)

1989

Thomas R. Cech and Sidney Altman (both U.S.)

1990

Elias James Corey (U.S.)

1991

Richard R. Ernst (Switzerland)

1992

Rudolph A. Marcus (U.S.)

1993

Kary B. Mullis (U.S.) and Michael Smith (Canada)

1994

George A. Olah (U.S.)

1995

F. Sherwood Rowland, Mario Molina (both U.S.), and Paul Crutzen (Netherlands)

1996

Richard E. Smalley, Robert F. Curl, Jr. (both U.S.), and Harold W. Kroto (U.K.)

1997

Paul D. Boyer (U.S.), Jens C. Skou (Denmark), and John E. Walker (U.K.)

1998

Walter Kohn (U.S.) and John A. Pople (U.K.)

1999

Ahmed H. Zewail (Egypt and U.S.)

2000

Alan J. Heeger (U.S.), Alan G. McDiarmid (U.S.), and Hideki Shirakawa (Japan)

1901

Emil A. von Behring (Germany)

1902

Sir Ronald Ross (U.K.)

1903

Niels R. Finsen (Denmark)

1904

Ivan P. Pavlov (USSR)

1905

Robert Koch (Germany)

1906

Camillo Golgi (Italy) and Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Spain)

1907

Charles L. A. Laveran (France)

1908

Paul Ehrlich (Germany) and Elie Metchnikoff (USSR)

1909

Theodor Kocher (Switzerland)

1910

Albrecht Kossel (Germany)

1911

Allvar Gullstrand (Sweden)

1912

Alexis Carrel (France)

1913

Charles Richet (France)

1914

Robert Bárány (Austria)

1915

[no award]

1916

[no award]

1917

[no award]

1918

[no award]

1919

Jules Bordet (Belgium)

1920

August Krogh (Denmark)

1921

[no award]

1922

Archibald V. Hill (U.K.) and Otto Meyerhof (Germany)

1923

Sir Frederick Banting (Canada) and John J. R. Macleod (Scotland)

1924

Willem Einthoven (Netherlands)

1925

[no award]

1926

Johannes Fibiger (Denmark)

1927

Julius Wagner-Jauregg (Austria)

1928

Charles Nicolle (France)

1929

Christiaan Eijkman (Netherlands) and Sir Frederick Hopkins (U.K.)

1930

Karl Landsteiner (U.S.)

1931

Otto H. Warburg (Germany)

1932

Sir Charles Sherrington (U.K.) and Edgar D. Adrian (U.S.)

1933

Thomas H. Morgan (U.S.)

1934

George H. Whipple, George R. Minot, and William P. Murphy (U.S.)

1935

Hans Spemann (Germany)

1936

Sir Henry Dale (U.K.) and Otto Loewi (Germany)

1937

Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt (Hungary)

1938

Corneille Heymans (Belgium)

1939

Gerhard Domagk (Germany)

1940

[no award]

1941

[no award]

1942

[no award]

1943

Henrik Dam (Denmark) and Edward A. Doisy (U.S.)

1944

Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser (both U.S.)

1945

Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, and Sir Howard Florey (all U.K.)

1946

Herman J. Muller (U.S.)

1947

Carl F. and Gerty T. Cori (U.S.) and Bernardo A. Houssay (Argentina)

1948

Paul Mueller (Switzerland)

1949

Walter Rudolf Hess (Switzerland) and Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (Portugal)

1950

Philip S. Hench, Edward C. Kendall (both U.S.), and Tadeus Reichstein (Switzerland)

1951

Max Theiler (South Africa)

1952

Selman A. Waksman (U.S.)

1953

Fritz A. Lipmann (Germany-U.S.) and Hans Adolph Krebs (Germany-U.K.)

1954

John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, and Frederick C. Robbins (all U.S.)

1955

Hugo Theorell (Sweden)

1956

Dickinson W. Richards, Jr., André F. Cournand (both U.S.), and Werner Forssmann (Germany)

1957

Daniel Bovet (Italy)

1958

Joshua Lederberg, George W. Beadie and Edward L. Tatum (all U.S.)

1959

Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg (both U.S.)

1960

Sir Macfarlane Burnet (Australia) and Peter Brian Medawar (U.K.)

1961

Georg von Bekesy (U.S.)

1962

James D. Watson (U.S.), Maurice H. F. Wilkins, and Francis H. C. Crick (both U.K.)

1963

Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley (both U.K.), and Sir John Carew Eccles (Australia)

1964

Konrad E. Bloch (U.S.) and Feodor Lynen (Germany)

1965

François Jacob, André Lwolff, and Jacques Monod (all France)

1966

Charles Brenton Huggins (U.S.) and Francis Peyton Rous (U.S.)

1967

Haldan K. Hartline, George Wald, and Ragnar Granit (all U.S.)

1968

Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshall W. Nirenberg (all U.S.)

1969

Max Delbruck, Alfred D. Hershey, and Salvador E. Luria (all U.S.)

1970

Julius Axelrod (U.S.), Ulf S. von Euler (Sweden), and Sir Bernard Katz (U.K.)

1971

Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (U.S.)

1972

Gerald M. Edelman (U.S.), and Rodney R. Porter (U.K.)

1973

Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz (both Austria), and Nikolaas Tinbergen (Netherlands)

1974

George E. Palade, Christian de Duve (both U.S.), and Albert Claude (Belgium)

1975

David Baltimore, Howard M. Temin, and Renato Dulbecco (all U.S.)

1976

Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek (both U.S.)

1977

Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C. L. Guillemin, and Andrew V. Schally (all U.S.)

1978

Daniel Nathans, Hamilton Smith (both U.S.), and Werner Arber (Switzerland)

1979

Allan McLeod Cormack (U.S.) and Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield (U.K.)

1980

Baruj Benacerraf, George D. Snell (both U.S.), and Jean Dausset (France)

1981

Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel (both U.S.), and Torsten N. Wiesel (Sweden)

1982

Sune Bergstrom, Bengt Samuelsson (both Sweden), and John R. Vane (U.K.)

1983

Barbara McClintock (U.S.)

1984

Cesar Milstein (U.K./ Argentina), Georges J. F. Kohler (West Germany), and Niels K. Jerne (U.K./ Denmark)

1985

Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein (both U.S.)

1986

Rita Levi-Montalcini (dual U.S./Italy) and Stanley Cohen (U.S.)

1987

Susumu Tonegawa (Japan)

1988

Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings (both U.S.), and Sir James Black (U.K.)

1989

J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus (both U.S.)

1990

Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas (both U.S.)

1991

Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann (both Germany)

1992

Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs (both U.S.)

1993

Phillip A. Sharp (U.S.) and Richard J. Roberts (U.K.)

1994

Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell (both U.S.)

1995

Edward B. Lewis, Eric F. Wieschaus (both U.S.), and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Germany)

1996

Peter C. Doherty (Australia) and Rolf M. Zinkernagel (Switzerland)

1997

Stanley B. Prusiner (U.S.)

1998

Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, and Ferid Murad (all U.S.)

1999

Günter Blobel (U.S.)

2000

Arvid Carlsson (Sweden), Paul Greengard (U.S.), and Eric R. Kandel (U.S.)

1969

Ragnar Frisch (Norway) and Jan Tinbergen (Netherlands)

1970

Paul A. Samuelson (U.S.)

1971

Simon Kuznets (U.S.)

1972

Kenneth J. Arrow (U.S.) and Sir John R. Hicks (U.K.)

1973

Wassily Leontief (U.S.)

1974

Gunnar Myrdal (Sweden) and Friedrich A. von Hayek (U.K.)

1975

Leonid V. Kantorovich (USSR) and Tjalling C. Koopmans (U.S.)

1976

Milton Friedman (U.S.)

1977

Bertil Ohlin (Sweden) and James E. Meade (U.K.)

1978

Herbert A. Simon (U.S.)

1979

Sir Arthur Lewis (U.K.) and Theodore Schultz (U.S.)

1980

Lawrence R. Klein (U.S.)

1981

James Tobin (U.S.)

1982

George J. Stigler (U.S.)

1983

Gerard Debreu (U.S.)

1984

Sir Richard Stone (U.K.)

1985

Franco Modigliani (U.S.)

1986

James M. Buchanan (U.S.)

1987

Robert M. Solow (U.S.)

1988

Maurice Allais (France)

1989

Trygve Haavelmo (Norway)

1990

Harry M. Markowitz, William F. Sharpe, and Merton H. Miller (all U.S.)

1991

Ronald Coase (U.S.)

1992

Gary S. Becker (U.S.)

1993

Robert W. Fogel and Douglass C. North (both U.S.)

1994

John F. Nash, John C. Harsanyi (both U.S.), and Reinhard Selten (Germany)

1995

Robert E. Lucas, Jr. (U.S.)

1996

James A. Mirrlees (U.K.) and William Vickrey (U.S.)

1997

Robert C. Merton and Myron S. Scholes (both U.S.)

1998

Amartya Sen (India)

1999

Robert A. Mundell (Canada)

2000

James J. Heckman and Daniel L. McFadden (both U.S.)