Profibus electrical connector
PROFIBUS (Process Field Bus) is a standard for field bus communication in automation technology and was first promoted (1989) by BMBF (German department of education and research). It should not be confused with the PROFINET standard for Industrial Ethernet.
Origin
The history of PROFIBUS goes back to a publicly promoted plan for an association started in Germany in 1987 and for which 21 companies and institutes devised a master project plan called "field bus". The goal was to implement and spread the use of a bit-serial field bus based on the basic requirements of the field device interfaces. For this purpose, respective company members agreed to support a common technical concept for production and process automation. First, the complex communication protocol Profibus FMS (Field bus Message Specification), which was tailored for demanding communication tasks, was specified. Subsequently in 1993, the specification for the simpler and thus considerably faster protocol PROFIBUS DP (Decentralized Peripherals) was completed. It replaced FMS.
Use
There are two variations of PROFIBUS; the most commonly used DP, and the lesser used PA variations:
- PROFIBUS DP (Decentralized Peripherals) is used to operate sensors and actuators via a centralized controller in production technology. The many standard diagnostic options, in particular, are focused on here. Other areas of use include the connection of "distributed intelligence", i.e. the networking of multiple controllers to one another (similar to PROFIBUS FMS). Data rates up to 12 Mbit/s on twisted pair cables and/or fiber optics are possible.
- PROFIBUS PA (Process Automation) is used to monitor measuring equipment via a process control system in process engineering. This PROFIBUS variant is ideal for explosion-hazardous areas (Ex-zone 0 and 1). Here, a weak current flows through bus lines in an intrinsically safe circuit so that explosive sparks are not created, even if a malfunction occurs. The disadvantage of this variant is the slower data transmission rate of 31.25 kbit/s.
PROFIBUS is the only field bus that can be used in equal measure in production automation and process automation[citation needed]and has since become a global market leader. Worldwide, over 20 million PROFIBUS devices are in use (as of 2007).
Technology
PROFIBUS Protocol (OSI reference model)
| OSI-Layer |
PROFIBUS |
| 7 |
Application |
DPV0 |
DPV1 |
DPV2 |
Management |
| 6 |
Presentation |
-- |
| 5 |
Session |
| 4 |
Transport |
| 3 |
Network |
| 2 |
Data Link |
FDL |
| 1 |
Physical |
EIA-485 |
Optical |
MBP |
Application layer
To utilize these functions, various service levels of the DP protocol were defined:
- DP-V0 for cyclic exchange of data and diagnosis
- DP-V1 for acyclic and cyclic data exchange and alarm handling
- DP-V2 for isochronous mode and data exchange broadcast (slave-to-slave communication)
Security layer
The security layer FDL (Field bus Data Link) works with a hybrid access method that combines token passing with a master-slave method. In a PROFIBUS DP network, the controllers or process control systems are the masters and the sensors and actuators are the slaves.
Various telegram types are used. They can be differentiated by their start delimiter (SD):
No data: SD1 = 0x10
Variable length data:
SD2 = 0x68
| SD2 |
LE |
LEr |
SD2 |
DA |
SA |
FC |
DSAP |
SSAP |
PDU |
FCS |
ED |
Fixed length data:
SD3 = 0xA2
Token:
SD4 = 0xDC
Brief acknowledgement:
SC = 0xE5
SD: Start Delimiter
LE: Length of protocol data unit, (incl. DA,SA,FC,DSAP,SSAP)
LEr: Repetition of protocol data unit, (Hamming distance = 4)
FC: Function Code
DA: Destination Address
SA: Source Address
DSAP: Destination Service Access Point
SSAP: Source Service Access Point
| SAP (Decimal) |
SERVICE |
| Default 0 |
Cyclical Data Exchange (Write_Read_Data) |
| 54 |
Master-to-Master SAP (M-M Communication) |
| 55 |
Change Station Address (Set_Slave_Add) |
| 56 |
Read Inputs (Rd_Inp) |
| 57 |
Read Outputs (Rd_Outp) |
| 58 |
Control Commands to a DP Slave (Global_Control) |
| 59 |
Read Configuration Data (Get_Cfg) |
| 60 |
Read Diagnostic Data (Slave_Diagnosis) |
| 61 |
Send Parameterization Data (Set_Prm) |
| 62 |
Check Configuration Data (Chk_Cfg) |
Note: SAP55 is optional and may be disabled if the slave doesn't provide non-volatile storage memory for the station address.
PDU: Protocol Data Unit (protocol data)
FCS: Frame Checking Sequence
ED: End Delimiter (= 0x16 !)
The FCS is calculated by simply adding up the bytes within the specified length. An overflow is ignored here. Each byte is saved with an even parity and transferred asynchronously with a start and stop bit. There may not be a pause between a stop bit and the following start bit when the bytes of a telegram are transmitted. The master signals the start of a new telegram with a SYN pause of at least 33 bits (logical "1" = bus idle).
Bit-transmission layer
Three different methods are specified for the bit-transmission layer:
- With electrical transmission pursuant to EIA-485, twisted pair cables with impedances of 150 ohms are used in a bus topology. Bit rates from 9.6 kbit/s to 12 Mbit/s can be used. The cable length between two repeaters is limited to 100 to 1200 m, depending on the bit rate used. This transmission method is primarily used with PROFIBUS DP.
- With optical transmission via fiber optics, star-, bus- and ring-topologies are used. The distance between the repeaters can be up to 15 km. The ring topology can also be executed redundantly.
- With MBP (Manchester Bus Powered) transmission technology, data and field bus power are fed through the same cable. The power can be reduced in such a way that use in explosion-hazardous environments is possible. The bus topology can be up to 1900 m long and permits branching to field devices (max. 60 m branches). The bit rate here is a fixed 31.25 kbit/s. This technology was specially established for use in process automation for PROFIBUS PA.
For data transfer via sliding contacts for mobile devices or optical or radio data transmission in open spaces, products from various manufacturers can be obtained, however they do not conform to any standard.
Standardization
PROFIBUS was defined in 1991/1993 in DIN 19245, was then included in EN 50170 in 1996 and, since 1999, established in IEC 61158/IEC 61784.
Organization
The PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PROFIBUS User Organization) (PNO) was created in 1989. This group is comprised of manufacturers and users from Germany. In 1992, the first regional PROFIBUS organization was founded (PROFIBUS Schweiz in Switzerland). In the following years, additional RPAs (Regional PROFIBUS & PROFINET Associations) were added. Today, PROFIBUS is represented by 25 RPAs around the world. In 1995, all the RPAs joined together into the international umbrella association PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI).
References
See also
External links
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Computer bus & interconnection standards (wired) |
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| Main articles |
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| Computer bus standards (desktop) |
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| Computer bus standards (portable) |
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| Storage bus standards |
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| Peripheral bus standards |
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| Vehicle buses |
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| Note: interfaces are listed in speed ascending order (roughly), the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest |
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