protamine
American Heritage Dictionary:
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pro·ta·mine
(prō'tə-mēn', -mĭn) 
also pro·ta·min (-mĭn)
n.
Any of a group of simple proteins found in fish sperm that are strongly basic, are soluble in water, are not coagulated by heat, and yield chiefly arginine upon hydrolysis. In purified form, they are used in a long-acting formulation of insulin and to neutralize the anticoagulant effects of heparin.
also pro·ta·min (-mĭn)n.
Any of a group of simple proteins found in fish sperm that are strongly basic, are soluble in water, are not coagulated by heat, and yield chiefly arginine upon hydrolysis. In purified form, they are used in a long-acting formulation of insulin and to neutralize the anticoagulant effects of heparin.
Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry:
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protamine
Any of a group of proteins of relatively low molecular weight found in association with the chromosomal DNA of vertebrate sperm cells. They contain a single polypeptide chain comprising about 67% arginine. Protamines are thought to protect and support the chromosomes.
Drug Info:
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Protamine
Brand names: Hemochron Protamine™
- Drug Forms:
- Protamine injection (below)
- Protamine Sulfate Solution for injection
Protamine injection
What is protamine injection?
PROTAMINE treats overdoses of the anticoagulant heparin, by binding with it to form an inactive complex. Protamine is a protein, developed from fish sperm. Generic protamine injections are available.What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:• inject insulin containing protamine
• vasectomy
• an unusual or allergic reaction to protamine, fish, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
• pregnant or trying to get pregnant
• breast-feeding
How should I use this medicine?
Protamine is for slow infusion into a vein. It is given by a health-care professional in a hospital or clinic setting.What if I miss a dose?
This does not apply.What other medicine can interact with protamine?
• heparinTell your prescriber or health care professional: about all other medicines you are taking including non-prescription medicines; if you are a frequent user of drinks with caffeine or alcohol; if you smoke; or if you use illegal drugs. These can affect the way your medicine works. Check with your health care professional before stopping or starting any of your medicines.
What should I watch for while taking protamine?
Your condition will be closely monitored while you receive protamine.What side effects might I notice from receiving protamine?
Side effects that you should report to your prescriber or health care professional as soon as possible:• chest pain or tightness
• difficulty breathing, wheezing, cough
• dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting spells
• flushing or feeling of warmth
• nausea, vomiting
• rash and itching (hives)
• unusual bleeding
Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your prescriber or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
• gum bleeding or nosebleeds
• unusual tiredness
Where can I keep my medicine?
Keep out of the reach of children.Store in a refrigerator between 2 and 8 degrees C (36 and 46 degrees F). Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.
Last updated: 7/1/2002
Important Disclaimer: The drug information provided here is for educational purposes only. It is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the diagnosis, treatment and advice of a medical professional. This drug information does not cover all possible uses, precautions, side effects and interactions. It should not be construed to indicate that this or any drug is safe for you. Consult your medical professional for guidance before using any prescription or over the counter drugs.
Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry:
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protamine
any of a group of small peptides, containing arginine, alanine, and serine, that are isolated from the sperm of fish (e.g., salmon, herring, sturgeon, trout, and mackerel), but are present in the sperm of all animals. They have a histone-like function in the chromatin of sperm, compacting sperm DNA into a condensed complex.
| protachykinin β precursor, prostin, prosthetic group | |
| protamine sulfate, protease, proteasome |
Saunders Veterinary Dictionary:
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protamine
Any of a class of simple proteins, soluble in water, not coagulated by heat, and precipitated from aqueous solution by addition of alcohol, found combined with nucleic acids in the sperm of certain fish, and having the property of neutralizing heparin. Protamine sulfate is used as an antidote to heparin overdosage.
- p. paracoagulation — used to examine a blood sample for fibrin monomers and fibrinogen-split products.
- p. zinc insulin (PZI) — see insulin.
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
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Protamine
| Protamine P1 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | Protamine_P1 | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF00260 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR000221 | ||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC00047 | ||||||||
|
|||||||||
| protamine 1 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | PRM1 |
| Entrez | 5619 |
| HUGO | 9447 |
| OMIM | 182880 |
| RefSeq | NM_002761 |
| UniProt | P04553 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 16 p13.13 |
| protamine 2 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | PRM2 |
| Entrez | 5620 |
| HUGO | 9448 |
| OMIM | 182890 |
| RefSeq | NM_002762 |
| UniProt | P04554 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 16 p13.13 |
Protamines are small, arginine-rich, nuclear proteins that replace histones late in the haploid phase of spermatogenesis and are believed essential for sperm head condensation and DNA stabilization. They may allow for denser packaging of DNA in spermatozoon than histones, but they must be decompressed before the genetic data can be used for protein synthesis. However, in humans and maybe other primates, 10-15% of the sperm's genome is packaged by histones thought to bind genes that are essential for early embryonic development.[1]
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Contents
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Medical uses
When mixed with insulin, protamines slow down the onset and increase the duration of insulin action (see NPH insulin).
Protamine is used in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery to neutralize the anti-clotting effects of heparin as well as to increase pulmonary artery pressure and decrease peripheral blood pressure, myocardial oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and heart rate.[2]
Protamine sulfate is an antidote for heparin.[3] A chain shortened version of protamine also acts as a potent heparin antagonist, but with markedly reduced antigenicity.[4]
Examples
Mice, humans, and certain fish have 2 or more different protamines, whereas the sperm of bull, boar, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, and ram have one form of protamine.
Human
The 2 human protamines are denoted PRM1 and PRM2.
Fish
Examples of protamines from fish are:
- salmine from salmon
- clupeine from herring sperm (Clupea)
- iridine from rainbow trout
- thinnine from tunafish (Thunnus)
- stelline from starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus)
- scylliorhinine from dogfish (Scylliorhinus)
References
- ^ Balhorn R (2007). "The protamine family of sperm nuclear proteins". Genome Biol 8 (9): 227. doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-227. PMC 2375014. PMID 17903313. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2375014.
- ^ Carr JA, Silverman N (1999). "The heparin-protamine interaction. A review.". J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 40 (5): 659–66. PMID 10596998.
- ^ Weiler JM, Freiman P, Sharath MD, Metzger WJ, Smith JM, Richerson HB et al. (1985). "Serious adverse reactions to protamine sulfate: are alternatives needed?". J Allergy Clin Immunol 75 (2): 297–303. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(85)90061-2. PMID 2857186.
- ^ Byun Y, Chang LC, Lee LM, Han IS, Singh VK, Yang VC (2000). "Low molecular weight protamine: a potent but nontoxic antagonist to heparin/low molecular weight protamine". Asaio J. 46 (4): 435–9. doi:10.1097/00002480-200007000-00013. PMID 10926141.
External links
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Copyrights:
American Heritage Dictionary
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry
A Dictionary of Chemistry. Sixth Edition. Copyright © Market House Books Ltd, 2008. All rights reserved.
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Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry
Oxford University Press. Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology © 1997, 2000, 2006 All rights reserved.
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Saunders Veterinary Dictionary
Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.
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