Proto-Iranian, is the reconstructed proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family, and as such, the ancestor of the Iranian languages such as Persian, Sogdian, Zazaki, Mazandarani, Kurdish and others. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Iranians, are assumed to have lived in the early 2nd millennium BC, and are usually connected with the Proto-Indo-Iranians and early Andronovo archaeological horizon.
Proto-Iranian was a Satem language descended from the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, which in turn came from the Proto-Indo-European language. It was likely removed less than a millennium from the Avestan language, and less than two millennia from PIE.
Proto-Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Phonological Correspondences
| PIE |
Av |
PIE |
Av |
| *p |
→ |
p |
*ph?ater "father" |
pitar- "father" |
| *bʱ |
→ |
b |
*bʱréhater "brother" |
bratar- "brother |
| *t |
→ |
t |
*tuhxóm "thou" |
tv?m "thou" |
| *d |
→ |
d |
*doru "wood" |
dar- "wood" |
| *dʱ |
→ |
d |
*dʱohxneha- "grain" |
dana- "grain" |
| *kʲ |
→ |
s |
*dékʲm? "ten" |
dasa "ten" |
| *gʲ |
→ |
z |
*gʲónu "knee" |
zanu- "knee" |
| *gʱʲ |
→ |
z |
*gʱʲimós "cold" |
z?maka- "winterstorm" |
| *k |
→ |
x ~ c |
*kruharós "bloody" |
xrura- "bloody" |
| *g |
→ |
g ~ z |
*haéuges- "strength" |
aojah "strength" |
| *gʱ |
→ |
g ~ z |
*dl?hxgʱós "long" |
dar?ga- "long" |
| *kʷ |
→ |
k ~ c |
*kʷós "who" |
ko "who" |
| *gʷ |
→ |
g ~ j |
*gʷou- "cow" |
gau- "cow" |
| Proto-Indo-Iranian |
Avestan[1] |
Old Persian |
Vedic Sanskrit |
| *açva ("horse") |
aspa |
asa (native word)[2] |
asva |
| *bʱag- |
baɣa |
baj- (baji; "tribute") |
bhag- (bhaga) |
| *bʱratr- ("brother") |
brātar |
bratar |
bhratŗ |
| *bʱumi ("earth", "land") |
|
bumi |
bhumi |
| *martya ("mortal, "man") |
mašiia |
martya |
martya |
| *masa ("moon") |
māh- |
maha |
masa |
| *vasara ("early") |
|
vahara ("spring") |
vasara ("morning") |
| *arta ("truth") |
aša |
arta |
ŗta |
| *draugʱ- ("falsehood") |
druj |
draug- |
druh- |
| *sauma "pressed (juice)" |
haoma |
|
soma |
References
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