Province of Quebec

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1763–91. By the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , following the Seven Years' War, Great Britain carved a narrow trapezoid ‘Province of Quebec’—primarily the inhabited portion of New France—out of what was Canada. It was to be settled by British Americans following the introduction of English laws, tenure, anti-Catholic oaths, and a promised House of Assembly; meanwhile, an appointed council advised the governor. A vast Aboriginal reserve was established in the western and northern part of the old territory of Canada.

The first governor, Sir James Murray , could not implement the proclamation: the expected British immigration did not occur, and there was little danger that 200 British merchants would crush the 80,000 Canadiens reported by Murray. He allowed the consecration of Mgr Jean-Olivier Briand as Catholic bishop (1766) and provided lower courts where Canadiens could be jurors and lawyers. A rift between Murray and the British merchants over an assembly and concessions to the French led to his replacement by Sir Guy Carleton in 1766. But the concessions remained, and Canadiens requested laws and ordinances in French. Agitation in the Thirteen Colonies in 1765–9 convinced Carleton that a rebellion would occur and that it would be supported by France. Thus he needed to rally the Canadiens, who were destined to remain the majority in the province. His aristocratic ideals meshed well with the seigneurial system . This dynamic led to the Quebec Act (1774), the ‘magna carta’ of French Canadians: re-establishment of French civil laws and tenure (inside the seigneurial zone), an oath of loyalty replacing the anti-Catholic oaths, authorization for Catholic parishes to levy tithes, a very limited religious tolerance, an appointed council with some Canadien seigneurs, and expansion of the territory, including administration of the Indian reserve. The Quebec Act rooted Canadien nationalism and helped secure quasi-neutrality during the American invasion of Canada (1775–6).

In the 1770s and 1780s, conflicts raged in the colony. The British colonists pointed to the arrival of 6,000 Loyalists and to economic realities and clamoured for an assembly, which they thought they would control. The Canadien bourgeoisie also agitated for an assembly, but they expected to dominate it. Given the seigneurs' opposition, the two groups formed an opportunistic coalition to pressure London. Meanwhile, the Loyalists demanded a separate colony with an assembly, English laws, and tenure. These combined pressures pushed London to adopt the Constitutional Act (1791), splitting the colony into Upper and Lower Canada, each with an assembly and appointed legislative and executive councils. The idea was to douse ‘racial’ strife, ensure the levy of local taxes, and reinforce the aristocratic and imperial mould. Each colony would choose its civil laws and tenure, although the seigneurial regime was frozen in Lower Canada. For British prime minister William Pitt, Jr, the assimilation of Canadiens would be the preferred outcome, but that could be accomplished only through the use of English institutions, not by force.

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Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

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Province of Quebec
British colony

1763–1791
 

 

Flag

A portion of eastern North America in 1774 after the Quebec Act; Quebec extends all the way to the Mississippi River.
Capital Quebec
Language(s) French, English
Religion Roman Catholicism, Protestantism
Government Constitutional monarchy
King George III
Governor See list of Governors
History
 - Royal Proclamation October 7, 1763
 - Quebec Act 1774
 - Treaty of Paris (1763) 1783
 - Constitutional Act December 26, 1791
Currency Canadian pound
Today part of  Canada
 United States (part of Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, Ontario; most of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, parts of Illinois and Wisconsin)

The Province of Quebec was a colony in North America created by Great Britain after the Seven Years' War. Great Britain acquired Canada by the Treaty of Paris when King Louis XV of France and his advisors chose to keep the territory of Guadeloupe for its valuable sugar crops instead of New France. By the Royal Proclamation of 1763, Canada (part of New France) was renamed the Province of Quebec.

In 1774, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act that allowed Quebec to restore the use of French customary law ("Coutume de Paris") in private matters alongside the British common law system, and allowing the Catholic Church to collect tithes. The act also enlarged the boundaries of Quebec to include the Ohio Country and Illinois Country, from the Appalachian Mountains on the east, south to the Ohio River, west to the Mississippi River and north to the southern boundary of lands owned by the Hudson's Bay Company, or Rupert's Land.

Through Quebec, the British Crown retained access to the Ohio and Illinois Countries even after the Treaty of Paris, which was meant to have ceded this land to the United States. By well-established trade and military routes across the Great Lakes, the British continued to supply not only their own troops but a wide alliance of Native American nations through Detroit, Fort Niagara, Fort Michilimackinac, and so on, until these posts were turned over to the United States following the Jay Treaty (1794).

Quebec retained its seigneurial system after the conquest. Owing to an influx of Loyalist refugees from the American Revolutionary War, the demographics of Quebec came to shift and now included a substantial English-speaking, Anglican or Protestant element from the former Thirteen Colonies. These United Empire Loyalists settled mainly in the Eastern Townships, Montreal, and what was known then as the pays d'en haut (high country) west of the Ottawa River. The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the colony in two at the Ottawa River, so that the western part (Upper Canada) could be under the British legal system, with English speakers in the majority. The eastern part was named Lower Canada.

Contents

Governors of the Province of Quebec 1763–1791

After the capitulation of Montreal in 1760, New France was placed under military government. Civil government was instituted in 1764. The following were the governors:

There were also "lieutenant governors", but these were merely the deputies of the governors, and should not be confused with the modern-day Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec.

  • Guy Carleton (lieutenant governor to James Murray) 1766-1768
  • Hector Theophilus de Cramahé (lieutenant governor to Guy Carleton) 1771-1782
  • Henry Hamilton (lieutenant governor to Frederick Haldimand) 1782-1785
  • Henry Hope (lieutenant governor to the Lord Dorchester) 1785-1788
  • Alured Clarke (lieutenant governor to the Lord Dorchester) 1790

Counsellors to the governor

The Province of Quebec did not have an elected legislature and was ruled directly by the governor with advice from counsellors. A council responsible to advise the governor (then James Murray) on all affairs of state was created in 1764. In 1774, the Quebec Act created a Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec to advise the governor on legislative affairs. The Legislative Council served as an advisory council to the governor until a legislative assembly was established after 1791.

The individuals James Murray called into the council from 1764 to 1766:

Member Appointment Notes
Chief Justice William Gregory 1764 served until 1766
Chief Justice William Hey (1733–1797)[2] 1764 Chief Justice of Quebec 1766-1773
Attorney General George Suckling (1759-178?) 1764 lawyer; served until 1766; most of his career was in the West Indies
Lieutenant Paulus Aemilius Irving (1714–1796) 1764 served until 1768; acting President of the Council 1766-1768; commander-in-Chief of British Forces in Quebec and administrator 1766-1768
Hector Theophilus de Cramahé (1720–1788) 1764 served until 1766 Lieutenant Governor of Quebec 1771-1782; later member of the Legislative Council
Adam Mabane (1734–1792) 1764 served until 1766; British Army physician and judge; later member of the Legislative Council 1775-1792
Walter Murray[disambiguation needed ] (1701?-1772) 1764 served until 1771; relative to then Governor Murray; British Army officer under James Wolfe; head of the Port of Quebec and justice of the peace and Receiver General
Captain Samuel Holland (1728–1801) 1764 served until 1770?; British Army officer and served as first Surveyor General of British North America
Thomas Dunn (1729–1818) 1764 served until 1774; colonial administrator and soldier; merchant; master in the Court of Chancery 1764; later member of the Legislative Council
François Mounier (?-1769) 1764 served until 1769; Huguenot merchant, justice of the peace; examiner in the Court of Chancery and judge of the Court of Common Pleas 1764-1769
Captain James Cuthbert Sr. (1719–1798) 1766 served until 1774; army officer (15th Regiment of Foot), merchant, justice of the peace; Seigneur of Berthier
Benjamin Price (?-1768 or 1769) 1764 served until 1768; merchant, justice of the peace, master in the Court of Chancery 1764-1768

List of councillors under Carleton from 1766 to 1774:

Member Appointment Notes
Chief Justice William Hey 1766 appointed during Murray's term as Governor; Chief Justice of Quebec 1766-1773
Attorney General Francis Maseres (1731-1724) 1766 served until 1769; lawyer, office holder, and author
Lieutenant Paulus Aemilius Irving (1714–1796) 1764 appointed during Murray's term as governor and till 1768; acting President of the Council 1766-1768; commander-in-chief of British Forces in Quebec and administrator 1766-1768
Hector Theophilus de Cramahé (1720–1788) 1764 appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1771; Lieutenant Governor of Quebec 1771-1782; later member of the Legislative Council
Adam Mabane (1734–1792) 1764 appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1766; British Army physician and judge; later member of the Legislative Council 1775-1792
Walter Murray[disambiguation needed ] (1701?-1772) 1764 appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1771; relative to then Governor Murray; British Army officer under James Wolfe; head of the Port of Quebec and justice of the peace and Receiver General
Captain Samuel Holland (1728–1801) 1764 appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1770; British Army officer and served as first Surveyor General of British North America
Thomas Dunn (1729–1818) 1764 appointed during Murray's term as governor and unilt 1774; colonial administrator and soldier; merchant; master in the Court of Chancery 1764; later member of the Legislative Council
François Mounier 1764 appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1769; Huguenot merchant, justice of the peace; examiner in the Court of Chancery and judge of the Court of Common Pleas 1764-1769
Captain James Cuthbert Sr. (1719–1798) 1766 appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1774; army officer (15th Regiment of Foot), merchant, justice of the peace; Seigneur of Berthier
Benjamin Price (?-1768 or 1769) 1764 appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1768; merchant, justice of the peace, master in the Court of Chancery 1764-1768

See also

Bibliography

  • Burt, Alfred LeRoy. The Old Province of Quebec. Toronto: Ryerson Press; Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1933. Reprinted Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1968.
  • Lahaise, Robert and Vallerand, Noël. Le Québec sous le régime anglais : les Canadiens français, la colonisation britannique et la formation du Canada continental. Outremont, Québec : Lanctôt, 1999.
  • Neatby, Hilda. Quebec: the revolutionary age 1760-1791. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1966.

References


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