Dictionary:

r¹

  (är)

1. The 18th letter of the modern English alphabet.
2. Any of the speech sounds represented by the letter r.
3. The 18th in a series.
4. Something shaped like the letter R.

The eighteenth letter of the modern English alphabet was signified by ruis [dwarf elder] in the ogham alphabet of early Ireland.

Symbol for ring chromosome.

This article is on the letter "R", for other uses go to R (disambiguation).

Basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd   Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv   Ww Xx Yy Zz

R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ar (IPA: /ɑr/: [ɑː] or [ɑɹ]).^[1]

History

Egyptian hieroglyph tp	Proto-Semitic R	Phoenician R	Etruscan R	Greek Rho	Later Etruscan R

The original Semitic letter was probably inspired by an Egyptian hieroglyph for "head", pronounced t-p in Egyptian, but it was used for /r/ by Semites because in their language, the word for "head" was Rêš (also the name of the letter). It developed into Greek Ρ ῥῶ (Rhô) and Latin R. It is likely that some Etruscan and Western Greek forms of the letter added the extra stroke to distinguish it from a later form of the letter P.

Minuscule

The minuscule (lower-case) form of r developed through several variations on the capital form. In handwriting it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used today.

Another minuscule, the r rotunda, kept the loop-leg stroke but dropped the vertical stroke. It fell out of use around the 18th century.

Various phonetic realizations of R

See rhotic consonant, r-colored vowel, and guttural R for discussion of the family of 'r' sounds.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, /r/ represents the alveolar trill sound. Other languages may use the letter r in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it is represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with w, eg. Kweyol for Kreyol. This sound can also change in a language perceptibly over time; the alveolar trill of British English is more characteristic of 19th / early 20th century speech and is associated with older speakers, while younger Britons have been known for a much weaker 'r' since at least the 1980s.

Alveolar trill /r/	Listen	Arabic, Armenian, British English (in emphatic speech), Finnish, German in performance arts, Hungarian, Italian, Latin, Norwegian, Polish, Catalan, Romanian, Russian, Scots, Spanish 'rr', Welsh
Alveolar approximant /ɹ/	Listen	English (most varieties), Faroese
Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap /ɾ/	Listen	Greek, Hindi 'र', Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish 'r', Turkish, Italian
Alveolar lateral flap /ɺ/	Listen	Japanese
Retroflex approximant /ɻ/	Listen	some varieties of American English
Retroflex flap /ɽ/	Listen	Hindi 'ड़', sometimes Scottish English
Uvular trill /ʀ/	Listen	French; German; some dialects of Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish
Voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/	Listen	Danish, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew

Codes for computing

Alternative representations of R

NATO phonetic		Morse code
Romeo		·–·
Signal flag	Semaphore	ASL Manual	Braille

In Unicode the capital R is codepoint U+0052 and the lowercase r is U+0072.

The ASCII code for capital R is 82 and for lowercase r is 114; or in binary 01010010 and 01110010, correspondingly.

The EBCDIC code for capital R is 217 and for lowercase r is 153.

The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "R" and "r" for upper and lower case respectively.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

R

For other meanings and uses of the letter "R", see R (disambiguation). See also:

• Raidô
• Я (Cyrillic Ya)
• Rho (Greek)
• Vocalic r

The Letter "R"
General:	The letter R · Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) · Rhotic and non-rhotic accents · R-colored vowels · Guttural R · Linking R and Intrusive R
Pronunciations:	Alveolar trill [r] · Alveolar approximant [ɹ] · Alveolar tap [ɾ] · Alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] ·Retroflex approximant [ɻ] · Retroflex flap [ɽ] ·Uvular trill [ʀ] ·Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
Variations:	R rotunda · Ɍɍ (R with stroke) · Ʀʀ · Ȑȑ · Ŕŕ · Ŗŗ · Řř · Ȓȓ · Ṙṙ · Ṛṛ · Ṝṝ · Ṟṟ · Rd · Rh · Rl · Rn · Rr · Rt · Rnd · ᚱ (Raidô) · ℛ (Riemann integral) · ℜ (Real part) · ℝ (Real number) · ® (Registered trademark) · Ⓡ (Enclosed R)

The ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
Letter R with diacritics ŔŕŘřṘṙŖŗȐȑȒȓṚṛṜṝṞṟɌɍᵲᶉɼⱤɽɾᵳ Two-letter combinations Ra Rb Rc Rd Re Rf Rg Rh Ri Rj Rk Rl Rm Rn Ro Rp Rq Rr Rs Rt Ru Rv Rw Rx Ry Rz RA RB RC RD RE RF RG RH RI RJ RK RL RM RN RO RP RQ RR RS RT RU RV RW RX RY RZ Letter-digit & Digit-letter combinations                 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9                 0R 1R 2R 3R 4R 5R 6R 7R 8R 9R history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - r

2.
abbr. - rare (sjælden), retired (pensioneret), received (modtaget), residens
symb. - røntgen, resistance (modstand)

1.
n. - R, det attende bogstav i alfabetet

idioms:

• the r months    måneder med "r" i det engelske navn (september - april)

2.
abbr. - rex, regina, regiment, republikansk, royal, rabbiner, radius
symb. - registreret, rand, Reaumur, røntgen, R-film, rupee

Nederlands (Dutch)
koninklijk, rechts/ rechter-, straal (radius), Koning(in), De Kroon, achteruit (versnelling), toren (schaken)

Français (French)
1.
n. - r (dix-huitième lettre de l'alphabet)

2.
abbr. - rare, recette, recto, gouverné/dirigé, (Sport) dix points (cricket, base-ball), (Math) rayon, (Anat) radius, (Rail) chemin de fer, (Comm) marque déposée, droit, route, rouble
symb. - (Chim) gaz constant, tour (aux échecs), roupie, (Chim) radical, (Phys, Électron) résistance

1.
n. - R (dix-huitième lettre de l'alphabet), les trois R (la lecture, l'écriture, l'arithmétique)

idioms:

• the r months    les mois en r

2.
abbr. - (Relig) Rabbin, (Mil) Régiment, (GB) Roi, (GB) Reine, (US, Pol) Républicain, (Géog) Rivière, Royal(e), (US, Univ) Recteur, (Relig) ecclésiastique
symb. - (Fin) unité monétaire (d'un pays), Réaumur (l'échelle), Royal, Röntgen, (US, Austral) film R (interdit aux moins de 18 ans)

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - r

2.
abbr. - Fluß, Königin, König, Republikaner, als Warenzeichen eingetragen, rechts, Turm (Schach), Rand, Rückwärtsgang, Radius, Réaumur
symb. - Röntgen, elektr. Widerstand

1.
n. - R

idioms:

• the r months    die Monate September bis April (wenn man Auster ißt)

2.
abbr. - Fluß, Königin, König, Republikaner, als Warenzeichen eingetragen, rechts, Turm (Schach), Rand, Rückwärtsgang, Radius, Réaumur
symb. - Röntgen, elektr. Widerstand

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - το δέκατο όγδοο γράμμα του αγγλικού αλφαβήτου
symb. - Ραίντγκεν
abbr. - ακτίνα, δεξιά, ποταμός

idioms:

• the r months    οι μήνες από Σεπτέμβρη ώς Απρίλιο

Italiano (Italian)
R, re/regina, fiume, torre, destra, punti, raggio

idioms:

• the r months    da Settembre a Aprile

Português (Portuguese)
n. - décima oitava letra do alfabeto inglês
symb. - resistência (Eletr.), roentgen (Fís.)
abbr. - registrado, rei ou rainha

idioms:

• the r months    outubro, novembro, dezembro

Русский (Russian)
король/королева, река, ладья, правая сторона, радиус, газовая постоянная, 18-я буква англ. алфавита

idioms:

• the r months    с сентября по апрель

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - décimo octava letra del alfabeto inglés, cualquier sonido representado por la letra R, algo en forma de R

2.
abbr. - río, torre de ajedrez, derecha, corridas, radio, (com) registrado, (elec) resistencia, (fís) roentgen, real, rublo, rabino, vía ferroviaria, raro, (com) recibido, receta, residencia, goma, (béisbol) corridas
symb. - (quím) radio, (estadística) coeficiente de correlación

1.
n. - decimooctava letra del alfabeto inglés

idioms:

• the r months    temporada de ostras

2.
abbr. - rey/reina, río, torre de ajedrez, rabino, radical, vías ferroviarias, rector, redactor, (pol) Republicano, respuesta, rublo, Réaumur
symb. - (quím) radical, (mat) razón, relación, tamaño regular (vestimenta), (elec) resistencia, (películas) clasificación no apta para menores de 17 años de edad

Svenska (Swedish)
symb. - receptor
abbr. - flod, kunglig, Rumänien, (pol) radikal, rupie, höger, radie

中文（简体） (Chinese (Simplified))
1. 字母R

2. 共和国的, 共和政体的, 17岁以上可看的电影, 罗马尼亚

中文（繁體） (Chinese (Traditional))
1.
n. - 字母R

2.
abbr. - 共和國的, 共和政體的, 17歲以上可看的電影, 羅馬尼亞

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 알파벳의 제18번째 자 'r, ', r자 모양(의 것)

idioms:

• the R months    9월부터 다음해 4월까지의 8개월

2.
abbr. - resistance(저항), royal(왕의), ruble(루블)
symb. - radius(반지름)

1.
n. - 알파벳의 제18번째 자 'R', R자 모양(의 것), 엑스선

2.
abbr. - radium(라듐)
symb. - regular army(정규군)

日本語 (Japanese)
abbr. - アール, R字形のもの

idioms:

• the r months    冬の間は,

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(علامه) الحرف الثامن من الابجديه الأنجليزيه (اختصار) شي على صورة حرف ر‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮האות השמונה-עשר באלפבית האנגלי‬
abbr. - ‮ימין, רדיוס‬
symb. - ‮התנגדות (בחשמל)‬
n. - ‮האות השמונה-עשר באלפבית האנגלי‬
abbr. - ‮ימין, רדיוס, נהר, סימן מסחרי רשום, צריח (שחמט), רב, מלך, מלכה, דירוג סרטים (מוגבל למבוגרים)‬
symb. - ‮תחנת רכבת/מסילת ברזל, התנגדות (בחשמל), דירוג סרטים (מוגבל למבוגרים), רב, רנטגן‬

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