Rapid City is a city located in the western part of South Dakota and is the
second largest city in the state of South Dakota after Sioux Falls. Set against the eastern slope of the Black
Hills, Rapid City is in the county of Pennington6 USA. The
2005 census estimated population of Rapid City was 62,167 with a metro area of 138,763.[1] As of 2007, the city is estimated at over 70,000 inhabitants with a metro of
150,000.[citation needed] Rapid City is known as the Gateway to the Black Hills of South Dakota, the Star of the West and the primary city in the metro of 150,000. The city is
divided by a small mountain range that splits the western and eastern parts of the city into two. Rapid City is named after the
Rapid Creek on which the city is established.
Geography, Climate, and Weather
Rapid City is located at 44°4′34″N, 103°13′42″W (44.076188,
-103.228299)1. The elevation of Rapid City
is 3,202 feet (976 meters) and Rapid City sits in the shadow of Harney Peak; which at 7,242
feet, is arguably the highest point east of the Rockies and west of the
French Alps.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area
of 44.7 mi² (115.7 km²). 44.6 mi² (115.5 km²) of
it is land and 0.1 mi² (0.2 km²) of it (0.13%) is water.
Rapid City has been assigned the ZIP code range 57701-57709 and the FIPS place code 52980.
Rapid City is located on the eastern edge of the Black Hills, and is split in half by the Dakota Hogback, which runs
north-south at this point. "Westside" or "West Rapid" is located in the Red Valley or Racetrack between the foothills of the
Black Hills proper and the Hogback, so named for the red Spearfish formation soils and the way the valley completely circles the
Black Hills. The city has grown up into the foothills, with both ridges and valleys developed, especially in the last 20 years,
and wildfire is a distinct threat to these residential areas, as shown by the Westberry Trails fire in 1988. Skyline Drive
follows the crest of the Dakota Hogback south from near Rapid Gap (where Rapid Creek cuts through the Hogback) to a large high
plateau which forms the current south edge of Rapid City. The Central and Eastern portions of Rapid Creek lie in the wide valley
of Rapid Creek outside the Hogback, which includes a number of mesas rising a hundred feet or more above the creek.
Rapid Creek flows the full length of Rapid City, emerging from Dark Canyon above Canyon Lake and flowing in a large arc
through the Gap and north of Downtown, and then descending to the southeast as the valley widens. The floodplain of Rapid Creek
is mostly undeveloped, one legacy of the Black Hills Flood of 1972. To the north, a series of ridges separates Rapid Creek from
Box Elder Creek, with large older and new residential areas and commercial areas along I-90. To the south, the terrain rises more
steeply to the southern widening of the Dakota Hogback into a plateau dividing the Rapid Creek drainage from Spring Creek.
Rapid City's location makes the city's climate unlike both the higher elevations of the Black Hills (especially the northern
portion) and the Great Plains to the east. It is characterized by long arid summers and long dry winters, with short but distinct
spring and autumn seasons.
Rapid City/Black Hills Climate Overview
January and February are the coldest months of winter. Daytime temperatures average in the 30s, but Chinook winds can warm
temperatures into the 50s and 60s. Occasional intrusions of Arctic air are short-lived and temperature inversions sometimes
produce warmer conditions in the Black Hills. Low temperatures average from 10 to 20 degrees above zero. Below zero readings are
not uncommon in the higher valleys of the Black Hills. Rapid City frequently has inversions during this period, which can trap
air pollutants, but also provides periods of "unseasonably" warm temperatures. Average monthly snowfall ranges from five inches
in Rapid City to 15 inches in the Black Hills. The snow on the plains and Rapid City usually melts within a few days.
March and April is western South Dakota’s snow season and temperatures are still cool enough in the higher elevations to
retain the snow cover, but Rapid City rarely has snow on the ground for more than a week at a time. March is typically the
snowiest month of the year, with average snowfall 15 to 25 inches in the northern Black Hills and eight to 12 inches over the
southern Hills. Normal highs are in the 40s and lows are in the 20s. Snow often occurs in April, although temperatures are
warmer. Normal snowfall for the Black Hills is 10 to 20 inches in the north and five to 10 inches in the south. Average daytime
temperatures are in the 50s with lows in the 20s and 30s.
May and June weather is mild and precipitation changes from rain showers to thunderstorms. Storms typically develop over the
Black Hills during the afternoon and move onto the plains in the evening. However, Rapid City still sees an average of 20 clear
to partly cloudy days and 65 percent of its possible sunshine in June. This is the traditional "flood" season for Rapid and other
creeks in the Eastern Hills. Temperatures warm rapidly as summer approaches. Daytime highs average in the 60s during May and 70s
during June. Overnight temperatures are still chilly, especially in Black Hills, where May minimums are in the 30s and 40s. Lows
are typically in the 40s and 50s during June.
Summer is warm, dry, and sunny. July and August are the warmest months of the year, when daytime temperatures climb into the
70s and 80s--and sometimes 90s and occasionally to over 100. Breezy winds and low humidity levels help make the hot days
comfortable. Early mornings are cool, so a jacket or sweater may be needed for outdoor activities. Low temperatures average in
the 50s, although 40s--and even 30s--can occur at the higher elevations like Deerfield. Snow can occur in the higher Hills even
in July and August. Thunderstorms produce less rainfall, and drier conditions increase the wildfire potential in the Black Hills.
Rapid City records an average of 9 thunderstorm days in August, but only 1.67 inches of rain. Rapid City receives 75 percent of
its possible sunshine. Because the elevation of the Black Hills are between 4000 and 8000 feet, the sun is very intense.
Sunny, mild days and cool nights are characteristic of September and October weather. Temperatures begin to cool around Labor
Day, with September highs averaging in the 60s and 70s, falling into the 50s and 60s in October. Lows drop from the 30s and 40s
into the 20s and 30s. The average first freeze in Rapid City is October 4 and late August through September in the Black Hills.
The Rapid City area’s first snowfall is usually in October, although higher elevations sometimes receive significant snow in
September. Occasional cold fronts moving through the area bring blustery northwest winds.
November and December mark the beginning of winter in the Black Hills. Despite cooler temperatures and more snow; the area
still has many mild, sunny days. By December, daytime temperatures are in the 30s with nighttime readings in the teens and
sometimes below zero in the Black Hills. Occasionally cold air fronts from Canada will bring subzero temperatures to the entire
area; however, warmer weather returns quickly. Snowfall averages about five inches each month with only two days typically
receiving more than one inch of snow. Storms early in the season produce heavy, wet snow. As the winter progresses, storm tracks
from the northwest bring drier snow. Rapid City’s chances for a "White Christmas" (defined as having inch or more of snow on the
ground) averages about 50 percent.
Rapid City holds two weather records — fastest temperature rise of 49°F
(27°C) in 2 minutes on January 22 1943 and fastest temperature
drop of 47°F (26°C) in 5 minutes on January 10 1911.[2]
| Monthly Normal and Record High and Low Temperatures |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
| Rec High °F |
76 |
75 |
82 |
93 |
98 |
109 |
110 |
106 |
104 |
94 |
83 |
75 |
| Norm High °F |
33.6 |
38.6 |
46.6 |
57.1 |
67.2 |
77.4 |
85.5 |
85.5 |
75.2 |
61.7 |
44.8 |
36.1 |
| Norm Low °F |
11.3 |
15.9 |
23.2 |
32.3 |
42.7 |
51.8 |
57.9 |
56.6 |
46 |
34.7 |
22.1 |
13.3 |
| Rec Low °F |
-27 |
-31 |
-21 |
1 |
18 |
31 |
39 |
38 |
18 |
-2 |
-19 |
-30 |
| Precip (in) |
0.37 |
0.46 |
1.03 |
1.86 |
2.96 |
2.83 |
2.03 |
1.61 |
1.1 |
1.37 |
0.61 |
0.41 |
| Source: USTravelWeather.com [1] |
Demographics
As of the census2 of 2000, there were 59,607 people, 23,969 households, and 15,220 families
residing in the city. The population density was 516.1/km² (1,336.7/mi²). There were
25,096 housing units at an average density of 217.3/km² (562.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 84.33% White, 0.97% African American, 10.14% Native American, 1.00% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.73% from other races, and 2.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.77% of the population.
There were 23,969 households out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were
non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or
older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the city the population was spread out with 25.3% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from
45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males.
For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,978, and the median income for a family was $44,818. Males had a median
income of $30,985 versus $21,913 for females. The per capita income for the city was
$19,445. About 9.4% of families and 12.7% of the population were below the poverty
line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.
History
The public discovery of gold in 1874 by the Custer Expedition brought an influx of settlers into the Black
Hills region of South Dakota. Rapid City was founded (and originally known as "Hay
Camp") in 1876 by a group of disappointed miners, who promoted their new city as the "Gateway to the Black Hills." John Brennan
and Samuel Scott, with a small group of men, laid out the site of the present Rapid City, which was named for the spring-fed
Rapid Creek that flows through it. A square mile was measured off and the six
blocks in the center were designated as a business section. Committees were appointed to bring in prospective merchants and their
families to locate in the new settlement. Although it began as a hay camp, the city soon began selling supplies to miners and
pioneers, and its location on the edge of the Plains and Hills, with a large river valley made it the natural hub of railroads
arriving in the late 1880s from both the south and east. By 1900, Rapid City had survived a boom and bust and was establishing
itself as an important regional trade center.
Although the Black Hills became a tourist destination in the late 1890s, it was a combination of local boosterism, the
popularity of the automobile, and construction of improved highways that brought tourists to the Black Hills in large numbers after World War I. Gutzon Borglum,
already a famous sculptor, began work on Mount Rushmore in 1927, and his son, Lincoln
Borglum continued the carving of the presidents' faces in rock following his father's death in 1941, but work was halted and the
massive sculpture was declared completed in 1941, due to pressures leading to the US entry into World War II. Although tourism
sustained the city throughout the Great Depression of the 1930s,
the gas rationing of World War II had a devastating effect on the tourist industry in the
town, but this was more than made up for by the war-related growth.
The city benefited greatly from the opening of Rapid City Army Air Base, later Ellsworth Air Force Base, an Army Air Corps training
base. As a result, the population of the area nearly doubled between 1940 and 1948, from almost 14,000 to nearly 27,000 people.
Military families and civilian personnel soon took every available living space in town, and mobile parks proliferated. Rapid
City businesses profited from the military payroll. During the Cold War, missile installations proliferated in the area: a series
of Nike Air Defense sites were constructed around Ellsworth in the 1950s, followed by construction of three Atlas missile launch sites in a circle around Rapid City in the early 1960s. In later years, the land around the
Northern Black Hills was dotted with 120 Minuteman missile
silos and launch command posts, all of which were deactivated in the early 1990s. [3]
In 1949, city officials envisioned the city as a retail and wholesale trade center for the region and designed a plan for
growth that focused on a civic center, more downtown parking places, new schools, and paved streets. A construction boom
continued into the 1950s. Growth slowed in the 1960s, but the worst natural disaster in South Dakota history, the Black Hills
Flood led to another building boom a decade later. On June 9, 1972,
heavy rains caused massive flooding of the Rapid Creek. More than 250 people lost their lives and more than $100 million in
property was destroyed.
The devastation of the flood and the outpouring of private donations and millions of dollars in federal aid led to the
completion of one big part of the 1949 plan: clearing the area along the Rapid Creek and making it a public park. New homes and
businesses were constructed to replace those that had been destroyed. Rushmore
Plaza Civic Center and a new Central High School were built in part of the area that had been cleared. The rebuilding in
part insulated Rapid City from the drop in automotive tourism caused by the Oil Embargo in 1974, but tourism was depressed for
most of a decade. In 1978, Rushmore Mall was built on the north edge of the city, adding
to the city's position as a retail shopping center.
In the 1980s, growth was fueled by an increase in tourism, increasingly tied to the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, followed by another decline in the late 1990s. Fears for the closure
of Ellsworth AFB as part of the massive base closure process in the 1990s and 2000s led to attempts to expand other sectors of
the economy, but growth continued and the city expanded significantly during this period.
Today, Rapid City is South Dakota's primary city for tourism and recreation. Urban flight from neighboring towns has greatly
benefited the growth of Rapid City and the city continues to expand both commercially and residentially. With the approval of a
Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory
at the Homestake Mine site, Rapid City has a future of great advancements in
technology, medicine, and scientific research.
The 1972 Flood
Cars jumbled together by the 1972 flood.
On June 9-10, 1972, extremely heavy rains over the eastern Black Hills of
South Dakota produced record floods on Rapid Creek and other streams in the area. Nearly 15 inches of rain fell in about 6 hours near Nemo, and more than
10 inches of rain fell over an area of 60 square miles. According to the Red Cross, the resulting peak floods (which occurred after dark) left
238 people dead and 3,057 people injured. In addition to the human tragedy, total damage was estimated in excess of $160 million
(about $664 million in 2002 dollars), which included 1,335 homes and 5,000 automobiles that were destroyed. Runoff from this
storm produced record floods (highest peak flows recorded) along Battle, Spring,
Rapid, and Box Elder Creeks. Smaller floods also occurred along Elk Creek and Bear Butte Creek. The 1972 flood has an estimated recurrence interval of 500 years (Burr and Korkow, 1996), which means that a
flood of this magnitude will occur on average once every 500 years. Every year there is a 0.2 percent chance (1 in 500) of
experiencing a similar flood. To prevent a similar tragedy from occurring in the future, the city's flood plain is no longer
allowed to be built upon. Today the flood plain features golf courses, parks, sports arenas, and arboretums where neighborhoods
and businesses once stood.
Healthcare
Rapid City is a major medical care center for a five-state region, centered around the Rapid City
Regional Hospital and the Indian Health Service Sioux San Hospital. Other
smaller, independent medical facilities have been established in the area, including the Black Hills Surgery Center, The Heart
Doctors, The Spine Center at Rapid City, Setliff Sinus Institute, Black Hills Eye Institute, and Regional Behavioral Healthcare.
Two Veterans Affairs hospitals are located nearby at Fort Meade, and Hot Springs.
Education
Rapid City institutions of higher education include the South
Dakota School of Mines and Technology, National American University,
Western Dakota Technical Institute, and several small sectarian preacher training schools.
Black Hills State University is located in nearby Spearfish. The South Dakota state nurse training program is also based in Rapid City. There are
two public high schools in the city, Central High School and Stevens High School. The city also has several alternative academies; Jefferson Academy
and Odyssey Academy, and at least two Christian high schools including Saint Thomas More and
Rapid City Christian High School.
Sports
- The Black Hills Posse was a professional basketball club that competed in the
International Basketball Association beginning in the 1995-1996
season.
- The Rapid City Thrillers was a professional basketball club that competed in
the International Basketball Association beginning in the 1984-1985 season through the 1996-1997 season.
- The Black Hills Gold was a professional basketball club that competed in the
International Basketball Association only during the 1999-2000 season.
- The Rushmore Thunder is a minor hockey team.
- The Rapid City Flying Aces is an indoor
football team that competed between 2000 and 2006 in the Indoor Football
League, United Indoor Football, and National Indoor Football League, changing names from season to season. The Flying Aces
left the National Indoor Football League after the 2006 season, and will not field a team in 2007; the organization hopes to join
the UIF in 2008.
- Rapid City's most successful sports team in past decades is neither a professional nor school team, but American Legion Post
22's baseball team.
Art and Culture
Because of the importance of tourism in the area, and its extensive market area, Rapid City has many cultural resources
usually found only in much larger urban areas. Among these are:
Rapid City also has a large amount of public sculpture on display in many parts of the city. The most visible of this art is
the "Parade of Presidents" - a series of lifesize statues of all past American presidents placed on street corners in the
downtown area, with an interpretive center. These statutes were erected by public subscription over a ten-year period between
1997 and 2007.
Sister Cities
Rapid City has three sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI):
Industry and Economy
Rapid City's economy is diverse, but has only a moderate amount of industry. Heavy and medium industrial activities include a
Portland cement plant (constructed and owned for 84 years[4] by the State of South Dakota and sold in
2003 to GCC, a Mexican-based conglomerate), a chipboard manufacturing plant (owned by
Merillat Industries, several custom sawmills, a lime plant, a computer peripheral
component manufacturing plant, and several farm and ranch equipment manufacturers. Of particular note, Rapid City is the center
for the manufacture of Black Hills Gold, a popular product with tourists and Westerners
in general. Rapid City is also the location of the only manufacturer of stamping machines used for the labeling of plywood and
chipboard products.
Although most gold mining has ceased in the Black Hills and was never done in or near Rapid City, mining of sand and gravel,
as well as the raw materials for lime and Portland cement (including chemical-grade
limestone, taconite iron ore, and gypsum, remains an important part of the economy.
The largest sector of the Rapid City economy is government services, including local, state, and federal. Major employers
include Ellsworth Air Force Base, home of the 28th Bomb Wing flying the B-1B long-range bomber; the
Army National Guard based at Camp Rapid and
hosting annual exercises in the Black Hills drawing troops from five to ten states; and various federal agencies including the
National Park Service, US Forest
Service, and Indian Health Service.
The Rapid City Regional Hospital Healthcare System covers one of the largest expansions of
territory in the United States. Regional Healthcare employs over 7,000 persons in the Rapid City area.
Tourism is also a major portion of the Rapid City economy, due to the proximity of Mount
Rushmore, Sturgis, home of the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally,
Deadwood, and other attractions in the Black Hills. Rapid City is the major
source of services for the Motorcycle Rally, and the Rally's demand for motel rooms, camp sites, and other services for tourists
during the first week of August means that Rapid City has the capacity to host large conventions and large numbers of tourists
year-round. Various minor tourist attractions, including wildlife parks, specialty shops, caves, water parks, private museums,
and other businesses are found in and near Rapid City.
Other economic sectors include financial service and investing companies such as Waddel and
Reed, Citibank, WaMu, Merrill Lynch, and Northwestern Mutual.
Rapid City is the headquarters for Assurant Insurance and Rapid City has a strong medical
services sector, and institutions of higher education. Rapid City is also the major market town for much of five states, drawing
commerce from more than half of South Dakota, and large portions of North Dakota,
Montana, Wyoming, and the Nebraska Panhandle; including ranching areas, coal mining areas, oil and gas fields, AmerInd
reservations, and additional tourism activities.
Transportation
Rapid City is a major transportation hub for the Northern Plains. Rapid City
Regional Airport provides flights daily to the airline hub cities of Denver,
Minneapolis and Salt Lake City.
There are also three flights a week to Las Vegas and daily flights to
Chicago during tourist season. The airport also has extensive
General Aviation operations, including wildfire fighting activities and medical flight
support to Rapid City medical facilities and Indian Health Service operations in the Dakotas.
Although historically a fairly important regional rail hub, today Rapid City is a minor railroad junction, with a single local
railline to the Northern Black Hills, and railroad connection east to Minnesota and south through Nebraska to connect with major
transcontinental railroads (Burlington Northern Santa Fe and Union Pacific).
While Rapid City's central location in North America (the geographic center of
the United States is located approximately 60 miles north) allows easy transport of products to both coasts, and trucking is a
major business activity in the city, its location on I-90 does not make it a major trucking center. Improved connections with
Denver and I-80 to the south, via the Heartland Expressway now under construction will primarily
benefit local trucking, and not significantly change national transportation patterns: NAFTA transportation routes between the US, Canada, and Mexico pass either to the
east or west of the Black Hills and Rapid City.
Rapid City's location on the boundary of the Western and Eastern power grids, together with the hydroelectric plants of the
Mainstem Dams on the Missouri River and the large coal
fields and power plants of the Powder River Basin of Wyoming make it one of the
points where the two national power grids connect with each other, allowing switching of electrical power from east to west and
vice versa.
Infrastructure
- Interstate 90 is the primary east-west route for Rapid City. Originally built as a
bypass on the northern edge of the city, it now splits the northern commercial and residential suburbs from the major part of the
city. Rapid City is served by exits 63-51. SDDOT has been reconstructing most of these interchanges in the last five years.
- Interstate 190- A business spur Interstate linking downtown Rapid City
to Interstate 90. Also serves as the easternmost segment of Highway 16.
- Highway 16- Main route to the southwest and Black
Hills from Rapid City. Links Rapid City to Custer and then west to
Newcastle, Wyoming, where it connects to U.S. Route 85|US-85]] for travel to Cheyenne
and Denver. Reconstructed as a four-lane parkway connecting Rapid City to Mount Rushmore in the mid-1960s, major segments have
been rebuilt as three-lane or "super-two" highways in the past decade, to support increased tourist traffic.
- Highway 44- Links the interior of the Black
Hills to the southwest of Rapid City, and the Pine Ridge Indian
Reservation and nearby areas in the Great Plains to the southeast.
- Highway 79- While multiplexed with I-90 northwest of Rapid City, SD-79 extends to and
connects with US-85 into North Dakota. South of Rapid City to Nebraska, SD-79 is being reconstructed as the Heartland Expressway, a
high-speed four-lane highway which will eventually connect to Interstate 80 in Nebraska
and the Colorado Front Range. The Heartland Expressway may eventually be extended
along US-85 north to Regina, Saskatchewan, to create an additional major
north-south artery through the Great Plains which would pass through Rapid City.
Rapid City's location on the boundary of the Western and Eastern power grids, together with the hydroelectric plants of the
Mainstem Dams on the Missouri River and the large coal fields and power plants of the Powder River Basin of Wyoming make it one
of the points where the two national power grids connect with each other, allowing switching of electrical power from east to
west and vice versa. Rapid City has its own coal-fired power plant, but also obtains much of its power from both the Missouri
dams and power stations near Gillette, Wyoming. Electrical rates are considered
relatively low.
Rapid City obtains most of its water supply from Rapid Creek and the alluvial aquifers associated with the creek, owning
significant water rights in Pactola Reservoir located some 15 miles west of the city, but does
also obtain water from some springs in the vicinity, and has the ability to draw water from deep formations which receive water
from recharge in areas of the Black Hills where the formations come to the surface. The heavy dependence on shallow alluvial
aquifers is of some concern to planners, as most suburbs of Rapid City use septic systems for
domestic sewage treatment. However, water supplies remain relatively good for future growth.
The Rapid City Regional Airport operates at well below maximum capacity for general aviation and commercial aviation, and is
capable of handling all current commercial passenger and cargo aircraft.
Rapid City has no passenger rail service. Rail cargo service is limited: the Dakota, Minnesota, and Eastern provides connections to other cities in South
Dakota and Minnesota, and connects to major rail service along the Mississippi River corridor, but the DM&E also connects to
major transcontinental rail lines to the south, in Nebraska and Wyoming.
Rapid City has very limited city-to-city bus service along I-90, but many charter bus services operate in the area, and
connect Rapid City and Deadwood with cities in Colorado, Nebraska, and Iowa. The city does have a municipally-owned small bus
service.
Suburbs
In many ways, the entire Black Hills, including portions of South Dakota, Wyoming, and Nebraska, can be considered a single
large urban area of approximately 40,000 square miles and a permanent, year-round population of about 250,000, of which Rapid
City is the core city. Most cities and towns in the Black Hills and the surrounding plains have a significant percentage of their
population which commute to and from Rapid City, and many residents of Rapid City work in outlying towns.
Among the nearer suburbs in Pennington and Meade Counties:
Suburbs at a greater distance from Rapid City include:
Media
Television
Radio
Print
Places of interest
Famous Residents
- See also: List of people from Rapid
City
References
- ^ Refers to the Rapid City MSA 2006 estimate, which is defined by the US
Census Bureau as the combined population of Pennington and Meade Counties.
- ^ Lyons, Walter A (1997). The Handy Weather Answer Book, 2nd Edition,
Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink press. ISBN 0-7876-1034-8.
- ^ The Brookings Institution. Retiring a Minuteman ICBM
(LGM-30F). U.S. Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Project. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
- ^ Created by SD Constitutional Amendment, 1919.
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Coordinates:
44.076188° N 103.228299°
W
