Rat king
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Rat king (folklore)
Rat kings are phenomena said to arise when a number of rats become intertwined at their tails, which become stuck together with blood, dirt, ice, excrement or simply knotted. The animals reputedly grow together while joined at the tails. The numbers of rats that are joined together can vary, but naturally rat kings formed from a larger number of rats are rarer. The phenomenon is particularly associated with Germany, where the majority of instances have been reported. Historically, there are various superstitions surrounding rat kings, and they were often seen as an extremely bad omen, particularly associated with plagues.[citation needed]
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Origin of the name
The original German term, Rattenkönig, was calqued into English as rat king, and into French as roi des rats. The term was not originally used in reference to actual rats, but for persons who lived off others. Konrad Gesner in Historia animalium (1551–1558) stated "Some would have it that the rat waxes mighty in its old age and is fed by its young: this is called the rat king." Martin Luther stated "... finally, there is the Pope, the king of rats right at the top." Later, the term referred to a king sitting on a throne of knotted tails.[1]
Medieval scholars have suggested that people may have been under the impression that the rat king was actually one animal with many bodies, with the “king” referring to the animal's size. Legends have suggested that a “king rat” sat on the tails of the rat king, overseeing the movement of the animals as they attempted to navigate with their matted tails.[citation needed]
An alternative theory states that the name in French was rouets des rats (or a spinning wheel of rats, the knotted tails being wheel spokes), with the term transforming over time into roi des rats.[2]
History
The earliest report of rat kings comes from 1564.[3] The rat king was viewed historically as a bad omen, most likely due to rats being carriers for diseases such as the plague. Diseases tend to arise more readily when animals are confined close together, so the rat king would be a breeding ground of disease if it actually existed.
The phenomenon may have diminished when the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) displaced the black rat (R. rattus) in the 18th century. Sightings have been sporadic in the modern era; most recently comes an Estonian farmer's discovery in the Võrumaa region[4] on January 16, 2005.
Specimens of purported rat kings are kept in some museums. The museum Mauritianum in Altenburg (Thuringia) shows the largest well-known mummified "rat king", which was found in 1828 in a miller's fireplace at Buchheim. It consists of 32 rats. Alcohol-preserved rat kings are shown in museums in Hamburg, Hamelin, Göttingen, and Stuttgart. The Tartu Ülikooli Zooloogiamuuseum (Museum of Zoology in Tartu, Estonia) has a specimen. A rat king found in 1930 in New Zealand, displayed in the Otago Museum in Dunedin, was composed of immature Rattus rattus whose tails were entangled by horse hair.[5] Relatively few rat kings have been discovered; depending on the source, the number of reported instances varies between 35 and 50 finds.
Most extant examples are formed from black rats (R. rattus). The only find involving sawah rats (Rattus rattus brevicaudatus) occurred on March 23, 1918, in Bogor on Java, where a rat king of ten young field rats was found. Similar attachments have been reported in other species: in April 1929, a group of young forest mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) was reported in Holstein, Germany; and there have been reports of squirrel kings. The Zoological Institute of the University of Hamburg allegedly owns a specimen.[citation needed]
The rat king discovered in 1963 by the farmer P. van Nijnatten at Rucphen, Netherlands as published by cryptozoologist M. Schneider consists of seven rats. X-ray images[6] show formations of callus at the fractures of their tails which according to proponents show that the animals survived for an extended period of time with the tails tangled.[6]
In popular culture
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This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
The rat king appears in novels such as China Miéville's King Rat, The Tale of One Bad Rat by Bryan Talbot, Ratking by Michael Dibdin, Peeps by Scott Westerfeld, The Haunting of Alaizabel Cray by Chris Wooding, and Rats and Gargoyles by Mary Gentle, Luther: The Calling by Neil Cross and The Rats by James Herbert. A rat king portentously appears in a sub-section of the same name in E. Annie Proulx's fictional work Accordion Crimes. Rat kings inspired the title character in The Wyrm King, the finale of Holly Black and Tony DiTerlizzi's Beyond the Spiderwick Chronicles series. A rat king is prominent in James Tiptree, Jr.'s novelette The Psychologist Who Wouldn't Do Awful Things to Rats, originally published in New Dimensions 6, 1976.
In The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents by Terry Pratchett, Keith skeptically notes that the filth associated with supposedly tying the young rats together at a young age is not found in a rat's nest, and suspects that a rat king is created as a sort of project by a rat catcher himself.
In Alan Moore's and Ian Gibson's comic book series Halo Jones, the Rat King was a weapon of war, a super-intelligent collective of five rats with entwined tails who were able to communicate via a computer terminal.
E. T. A. Hoffmann's The Nutcracker and the Mouse King features a "Mouse King" (Mausekönig) with multiple heads, seemingly inspired by the multiple-bodied rat king, which are typically not retained in productions of the Tchaikovsky ballet The Nutcracker, based on the novella.
A seven-rat "King Rat" appears in Lars Von Trier's movie Epidemic, and the general concept of the "King Rat" is discussed in the movie.
Dutch writer Harry Mulisch's book Bericht aan de Rattenkoning (1966) (trans. Message to the Rat King) mentions the phenomenon as a metaphor for the 'old' (pre-1940) social structure and more specifically, the new queen (Beatrix) and her husband, Claus.
The 2006 episode of 30 Rock, Jack Meets Dennis, references the rat king myth as an metaphor to describe main character Liz Lemon's low-brow boyfriend Dennis Duffy.
References
- ^ Hart, Martin (1982, c1973). Rats. Allison & Busby. p. 66. ISBN 0-85031-297-3.
- ^ Hart, Martin (1982, c1973). Rats. Allison & Busby. p. 67. ISBN 0-85031-297-3.
- ^ Hart, Martin (1982, c1973). Rats. Allison & Busby Ltd.. p. 66. ISBN 0-85031-297-3.
- ^ Miljutin A (2007). "Rat kings in Estonia". Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Biol. Ecol 56 (1): 77–81. http://www.kirj.ee/public/Ecology/2007/issue_1/bio-2007-1-7.pdf.
- ^ "Rat King". Galleries > Animal Attic. Otago museum. http://www.otagomuseum.govt.nz/rat_king.html. Retrieved 2007-06-09. "The Otago Museum’s rat king: This display features a family of Rattus rattus, discovered in the 1930s. They had fallen from their nest in the rafters of a shipping company shed, and were immediately followed to the floor by a parent who vigorously defended the young."
- ^ a b Rucphen, Rat king (2007-01-21). "Rat king Rucphen". Rucphen. http://www.museumkennis.nl/nnm.dossiers/museumkennis/i003328.html. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
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