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Red Delicious

 
WordNet: Red Delicious
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The noun has one meaning:

Meaning #1: a sweet eating apple with bright red skin; most widely grown apple worldwide

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Wikipedia: Red Delicious
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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia
This article is about the cultigen of apple. For the rock band, see Red Delicious (band).
"Red Apple" redirects here. For the community in California, see Red Apple, California.
Red Delicious and its cross section
Rows of trees under hail nets
Red delicious apples.jpg

The Red Delicious is a clone of apple cultigen, now comprising more than 50 cultivars, that was recognized in Wellsburg, Iowa in 1880. As new cultivars with improved color and earlier harvestability have replaced the original cultivar in commercial orchards, the taste and texture of the harvested commodity have deteriorated, and many customers have begun to reject the Red Delicious at the food market.[1]

Contents

History

The Red Delicious originated at an orchard in 1880 as "a round, blushed yellow fruit of surpassing sweetness". Stark Nurseries held a competition in 1892[2] to find an apple to replace the Ben Davis apple. The winner was a red and yellow striped apple sent by Jesse Hiatt, a farmer in Peru, Iowa, who called it "Hawkeye". Stark Nurseries bought the rights from Hiatt, renamed the variety "Stark Delicious", and began propagating it. An apple tree, later named the Golden Delicious was also marketed by Stark Nurseries, after it was purchased from a farmer in Clay County, West Viginia, in 1914, and the Delicious became the Red Delicious as a retronym.[3]

Production decline

In the 1980s, Red Delicious represented three-quarters of the harvest in Washington state. A decade later, reliance on Red Delicious had helped to push Washington state's apple industry to the edge.[3] In 2000, Congress approved and President Bill Clinton signed a bill to bail out the apple industry, after apple growers had lost $760 million since 1997.[1] By 2000, this cultivar made up less than one half of the Washington state output, and in 2003, the crop had shrunk to 37 percent of the state's harvest, which totaled 103 million boxes. Although Red Delicious still remained the single largest variety produced in the state in 2005, others were growing in popularity, notably the Cameo, Fuji and Gala varieties.[3]

Sports (mutations)

Over the years, many propigable mutations, or sports, have been identified in Red Delicious apple trees. In addition to those that were propagated without any legal protection (or cut out because they were seen as inferior) 42 sports have been patented in the United States:

Plant Patent Number Date "Inventor" Marketed as Mutated From Assignee Habit Patern Earlier Color
US plant patent 90 Apr 3, 1934 Shotwell Delicious standard less stripe 2 wk. 3-4 times
US plant patent 1278 May 18, 1954 Plough Royalred1805 Richared C&O standard blush 10 d. lighter
US plant patent 1411 Aug 23, 1955 Brauns Red King1811 Starking Van Well standard stripe 2 wk. more complete
US plant patent 1565 Feb 12, 1957 Bisbee Starkrimson Starking Stark spur blush "earlier" similar
US plant patent 1805 Feb 3, 1959 Frazier & Jenkins Starking Elon J. Gilbert standard blush 10 d. brighter
US plant patent 1811 Feb 17, 1959 Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton standard blush 2 wk. darker
US plant patent 1822 Mar 24, 1959 Gilbert Redspur Starking C&O spur blush later brighter
US plant patent 1916 Feb 23, 1960 Hutchinson Top Red3556 Shotwell C&O standard striped 2-3 wk. darker
US plant patent 1930 Apr 5, 1960 Wood Woods, Starkspur2606 Starking Stark spur striped 1 wk. deeper
US plant patent 2285 Sep 24, 1963 Gould Red Delicious Miller&Miller standard blush "early" more intense
US plant patent 2433 Aug 11, 1964 Gilbert Miller Sturdyspur Starking Cons. Orch. Co spur blush "early" dark
US plant patent 2440 Aug 25, 1964 Frank Rypczynski "Frank", Super Starking5569 Starking Stark standard subdued stripes 30 d. fuller
US plant patent 2606 Mar 15, 1966 Cooper Starkrimson or Welspur spur stripe 10-14d. more intense
US plant patent 2816 June 4, 1968 Trumbull Oregon Spur4819 Red King Van Well spur stripe 2 wk. darker
US plant patent 2956 Dec 23, 1969 Diede Starking Stark standard more intense
US plant patent 3025 Feb 2, 1971 Matson Stark Earlibrite5547 Ryan Red Stark standard blush 1 month bright
US plant patent 3035 Mar 2, 1971 Maxam Starking standard blush deeper
US plant patent 3040 Apr 13, 1971 Norton Vance spur 2-3 wk. brilliant
US plant patent 3485 Feb 19, 1974 Coke Rose Red Starking Rose spur blush from start dark
US plant patent 3541 May 7, 1974 Pagnelli Starking Stark spur blush brighter
US plant patent 3556 May 28, 1974 Ward Early Red One4839 Brauns Van Well standard stripe 4 wk. darker blackish-purple
US plant patent 3557 May 28, 1974 Flanagan Starking Stark spur stripe before Topred brighter, lighter
US plant patent 3567 June 11, 1974 Slusarenko unknown Stark standard stripe 4 d. before #2440 red
US plant patent 3578 June 25, 1974 Campbell Red Chief3578 Starkrimson Hilltop spur stripe "earlier" deeper, brighter
US plant patent 4159 Nov. 29, 1977 Silvers Silverspur Hi Early McCormick spur stripe 2 wk. before Hi Early bright
US plant patent 4372 Jan 30, 1979 Craig Oregon Spur spur stripe 2 wk. darker, heavier
US plant patent 4587 Aug 12, 1980 Perleberg Ace Starkrimson or Oregon Red spur stripe 18 d. bright but deep
US plant patent 4801 Jan 19, 1982 Garretson Starking Carlton <spur / dwarf blush bright
US plant patent 4819 Feb 2, 1982 Green Oregon Spur II6190 Oregon Spur Wells & Wade spur stripe 10 d. dark
US plant patent 4839 Apr 20, 1982 Evans et al. Scarlet Spur6190 Oregon Spur Van Well spur blush 2 wk. red stem
US plant patent 4926 Nov 9, 1982 Coke&Smith Super Clone4926M Starking McCormick, Bountiful Ridge spur, dwarfing stripe no change, late bloom light
US plant patent 5334 Nov 13, 1984 Kemp Top Spur5334 Starkrimson C&O spur stripe 5-7 d. deeper, brighter
US plant patent 5421 Mar 26, 1985 Hanners Eve's Delight Spokane Beauty stripe light
US plant patent 5472 May 21, 1985 Jenkins Jenred,5472 Starkspur,5472 Ultrastripe5472 Oregon Spur Stark spur stripe 15 d. more consistent
US plant patent 5547 Sep 3, 1985 Hare Hared,5547 Dixiered,5547 Starkspur5547 Oregon Spur Stark spur blush 15-20 d. dark
US plant patent 5569 Oct 8, 1985 Gonzalez Rico7237 Sharp Red Merleley & al. standard stripe 20 d.
US plant patent 6190 May 31, 1988 Sandidge Super Chief Red Chief spur stripe 18 d. red stem
US plant patent 6702 Mar 28, 1989 Valle Vallee Spur6702 Red Chief spur blush 2 wk. dark red with bloom
US plant patent 7237 May 29, 1990 Sali Sali7237 Redspur semi-spur blush "earliest" purple tinge
US plant patent 7928 Aug 4, 1992 Winkel AW-164,7928 Redchief Inter-Plant Patent Marketing spur blush 5-10 d. brighter
US plant patent 10832 Mar 23, 1999 Deutscher Cumberland Spur10,832 Oregon Spur spur blush 10-14 d. complete
US plant patent 14757 May 4, 2004 Burchinal Adams Apple, Burchinal Red Delicious14,757 Oregon Spur II Microsoft spur blush immediately more uniform, deeper, purple, bloom

Well-known but unpatented sports include:

  • Chelan Red, which has been described as having oxblood red fruit
  • Hi Early
  • Houser
  • Mood,2433 or Starking, which colors ~2 wk. before "standard Delicious"1411
  • Richared - brighter red than standard, blush, not stripe 1278
  • Ryan
  • Sharp Red
  • Spokane Beauty
  • Wellspur

In 1977, the application for #4159 noted the "starchy and bland taste of some of the newer varieties."

The plant patent for #4926 promoted the sport as a dwarfing interstock, a dwarfing rootstock for pears, or to produce "crab apple" sized Delicious apples.

References

  1. ^ a b "'Perfect' Apple Pushed Growers Into Debt". New York Times. November 4, 2000. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9501E5DF1439F937A35752C1A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2008-08-02. "Losses piled up. And now the bill has come due. Last month, Congress approved and President Clinton signed the biggest bailout in the history of the apple industry, after the government reported that apple growers had lost $760 million in the last three years. ... In trying to create the perfect apple for major supermarket chains, these farmers say, they may have sacrificed taste to cosmetics. The growers say their story is like a fable with lessons for how the nation produces its fresh food." 
  2. ^ http://www.imagesunlimitedpub.com/uploadedfiles/Delicious%20Apples%20and%20Their%20History.pdf
  3. ^ a b c "Why the Red Delicious No Longer Is. Decades of Makeovers Alter Apple to Its Core.". The Washington Post. August 5, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/04/AR2005080402194.html. Retrieved 2008-07-27. "The reliance on Red Delicious helped push Washington's apple industry to the edge in the late 1990s and into this decade. Depressed prices for Red Delicious, weaker foreign markets and stiffer competition from abroad, including apple concentrate from China, contributed to major losses in the nation's apple industry, which mounted to $700 million in 2001, according to the U.S. Apple Association. The industry has recovered somewhat since then, in part because reduced harvests have buoyed prices." 


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Apple cultivars

Adams Pearmain · Ambrosia · Antonovka · Aurora Golden Gala · Baldwin · Ben Davis · Blenheim Orange · Belle de Boskoop · Braeburn · Bramley · Brina · Cameo · Cornish Gilliflower · Cortland · Cox's Orange Pippin · Cripps Pink (Pink Lady) · Discovery · Egremont Russet · Elstar · Empire · Esopus Spitzenburg · Flower of Kent · Fuji · Gala · Ginger Gold · Golden Orange · Golden Delicious · Granny Smith · Gravenstein · Haralson · Honeycrisp · Idared · James Grieve · Jazz · Jersey Black · Jonagold · Jonathan · Junaluska · Karmijn de Sonnaville · Knobbed Russet · Liberty · Macoun · McIntosh · Mutsu · Newtown Pippin · Nickajack · Nicola · Norfolk Biffin · Northern Spy · Paula Red · Pink Pearl · Pinova · Ralls Genet · Rambo · Red Delicious · Rhode Island Greening · Ribston Pippin · Rome · Roxbury Russet · Rubens (Civni) · Sekai Ichi · Spartan · Stayman Winesap · Summerfree · Taliaferro · Worcester Pearmain · Zestar

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