Refraction

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the change in direction undergone by a wave of electromagnetic radiation on passing through a boundary between two media in which its velocity differs. Snell's law states that n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2, where n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the two media, and θ1 and θ2 are the angles between the radiation and the normal to the boundary in the corresponding media. [After Willebrord Snell (1591 — 1696), Dutch astronomer and mathematician.]

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Refraction (metallurgy)

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In metallurgy, refraction is a property of metals that indicates their ability to withstand heat. Metals with a high degree of refraction are referred to as refractory. These metals derive their high melting points from their strong intermolecular forces. Large quantities of energy are required to overcome intermolecular forces.

Some refractory metals include molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, and tantalum. These materials are also noted for their high elastic modulus and hardness.

See also

  • Refractory for the term as applied to nonmetallic substances


References


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