Revolt of the Comuneros
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Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)
The Revolt of the Comuneros (Spanish: Revolución Comunera) is a series of uprisings by settlers in Paraguay against the Spanish authorities lasting from 1721 to 1732. Underlying causes were economic, but there were also issues of freedom and self-government.[1] It is one of the first uprisings against Spanish colonial rule.
Its leader was José de Antequera y Castro (1690–1731), a judge for the Audiencia of Panama, who was sent to Asunción to examine charges against Diego de los Reyes Balmaceda, who had been named governor by the Spanish viceroy at the request of the Jesuits. Antequera, however, took sides with the settlers, who elected him governor.
In 1724 Viceroy José de Armendáriz sent in troops, who defeated the Comuneros. Antequera was captured, imprisoned for five years at Lima, and, on 5 July 1731, shot on his way to his execution.[2] Further revolts in Asunción in 1730 and 1732 led by Ferdinand Mompox were quelled.[3]
Philosophy
Shortly after the first settlements on the Rio de la Plata were made, Don Pedro de Mendoza, the governor, died. The crown subsequently issued the Royal Decree of 12 September 1537, which stated that in the event of the death of the governor, a replacement would be elected by a vote of the people.[4][5] Because of its remoteness, this royal decree was used frequently in Asuncion, to elect their rulers. For example, in 1544, Don Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, an appointed governor, was in office less than two years before he was deposed, arrested and returned to Spain. The settlers then re-elected their former governor, Domingo Martínez de Irala by popular vote.[6]
Ferdinand Mompox (also Fernando Mompó y Zayas) was the theoretician for the revolts.[3] The usurption of royal authority by Antequera was done under the doctrine that "the authority of the people is superior to that of the king".[3] Also it was stated that the authority of the cabildo (town hall) gets its legitimacy from the common man.[3] It must be noted that the concept that "the sovereignty of the community is superior to all written law" was a radical thought at the time. Ferdinand Mompox, also used the motto "Community and Freedom".
Notes
- ^ Saeger, James Schofield (1972) "Origins of the Rebellion of Paraguay" The Hispanic American Historical Review 52(2): pp. 215-229
- ^ "Buenos Ayers" in Brewster, David (1830) Edinburgh Encyclopedia, William Blackwood, Edinburgh, Scotland, volume 5, part 1, page 70; reprinted by Routledge in 1998 with editorial additions by Richard Yeo, ISBN 0-415-18026-0
- ^ a b c d López, Adalberto (2007) The Colonial History of Paraguay: The Revolt of the Comuneros, 1721-1735 Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey, pages 112-116, ISBN 978-0-7658-0745-8; originally published in 1976 as The revolt of the Comuneros, 1721-1735 Schenkman, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 0-87073-124-6
- ^ Abente, Diego (1989) "The Liberal Republic and the Failure of Democracy" The Americas 45(4): pp. 525-546, pages 525-526
- ^ Rivarola, Juan Bautista (1952) La Ciudad de Asunción y la Cédula Real del 12 Setiembre de 1537: Una Lucha por la Libertad (The City of Asunción and the Royal Decree of 12 September 1537: A Fight for Freedom) A. G., Impr. Militar, Asunción, Paraguay, OCLC 10830133, in Spanish
- ^ López, Adalberto (2007) The Colonial History of Paraguay: The Revolt of the Comuneros, 1721-1735 Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey, pages 9-12, ISBN 978-0-7658-0745-8; originally published in 1976 as The revolt of the Comuneros, 1721-1735 Schenkman, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 0-87073-124-6
See also
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