Rigas Feraios or Rigas Velestinlis (Greek: Ρήγας Βελεστινλής-Φεραίος,
born Αντώνιος Κυριαζής, Antonios Kyriazis; also known as Κωνσταντίνος Ρήγας, Konstantinos or Constantine
Rhigas; Serbian: Рига од Фере, Riga od Fere; 1757—June 13, 1798) was a Greek revolutionary and poet, remembered as a Greek national hero, the forerunner and first victim of the
uprising against the Ottoman Empire (the Greek War of Independence).
Biography
Early life
He was born in a wealthy family of Aromanian ancestry[1] (a branch of which was known by the nickname Trushina),[2] in the village of Velestino,
Thessaly, near ancient Pherae (from which Feraios
derives). Educated at the Ampelakion School, Feraios became a teacher in the village of Kissos, and fought the local Ottoman
presence. At the age of twenty, he killed an important Ottoman figure, and fled to the uplands of Mount Olympus, where he enrolled in the band of soldiers led by Spiro
Zera.
He later went to the monastic community of Mount Athos, where he was received by Kosmas,
prior of the Vatopedi Monastery; from there to Constantinople
(Istanbul), where he was a secretary to the Phanariote
Alexander Ypsilanti. Arriving in Bucharest, the capital of Wallachia, Feraios returned to school, learned
several languages and eventually became a clerk for the Wallachian Prince
Nicholas Mavrogenes. When war broke out between the Ottomans and Imperial Russia in 1787 (see Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792), he was charged with the inspection of the troops in
Craiova.
Here, he entered into close and friendly relations with an Ottoman officer named Osman
Pazvantoğlu, afterwards the famous rebellious Pasha of Vidin, whose life he saved from the vengeance of Mavrogenes. He learned about the French Revolution and came to believe something similar could occur in the Balkans, resulting in self-determination for the Eastern
Orthodox Ottoman population; Feraios developed support for an uprising by meeting with Greek bishops and guerrilla leaders.
After the death of his patron, Feraios returned to Bucharest to serve for some time as dragoman at the French consulate. At this time he wrote the famous Greek
version of La Marseillaise, the anthem of French revolutionaries, a version familiar through Lord Byron's paraphrase as "sons of the Greeks,
arise".
In Vienna
Around 1793, Feraios went to Vienna, the capital of the Austrian Empire and home to a large Greek community, as part of an effort to ask Napoleon Bonaparte for assistance and support. While in the city, he edited a Greek-language
newspaper, Ephemeris, and created and published a proposed political map of Great Greece which included
Constantinople.
He printed pamphlets based on the principles of the French Revolution, including Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and a New
Political Constitution of the Inhabitants of Rumeli, Asia Minor, the Islands of the Aegean, and the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
— these he intended to distribute in an effort to stimulate a Pan-Balkan uprising against the Ottomans. He also published many Greek
translations of foreign works, and collected his poems in a manuscript (posthumously printed
in Iaşi, 1814).
Death
He entered into communication with Napoleon, to whom he sent a snuff-box made of the root of
a laurel tree taken from the temple of Apollo, and eventually he
set out with a view to meeting the general of the Army of Italy in
Venice. While traveling there, Feraios was betrayed by Demetrios
Oikonomos Kozanites, a Greek merchant,[3] had his
papers confiscated, and was arrested at Trieste by the Austrian authorities (an ally of the
Ottoman Empire, Austria was concerned the French Revolution might provoke similar upheavals in its realm). He was handed over
with his accomplices to the Ottoman governor of Belgrade where he was imprisoned and tortured.
Immediately on arrest he attempted suicide.
Memorial plate in front of
Nebojša Tower in which Rigas Feraios was strangled
From Belgrade, he was to be sent to Constantinople to be sentenced by Sultan
Selim III. While in transit, he and his five collaborators were strangled to prevent their
rescue by Feraios' friend Osman Pazvantoğlu. Their bodies were thrown into the
Danube River.
Feraios' last words are reported as being: "I have sown a rich seed; the hour is coming when my country will reap its glorious
fruits".
Ideas and legacy
Feraios, writing in the Demotic instead of in classical
Greek, aroused the patriotic fervour of his contemporaries and his poems were a serious factor in the creation of modern
Greece.
His grievances against the Ottoman occupation of Greece regarded its cruelty, the drafting of children between the ages of
five and fifteen into military service (Devshirmeh or Paedomazoma), the
administrative chaos and systematic oppresion (including prohibitions on teaching Greek history or language, or even riding on
horseback), the confiscation of churches and their conversion to mosques. Feraios wrote
enthusiastic poems and books about Greek history and many became widely popular. One of the most famous (which he often sang in
public) is the Thourio in which he wrote, "It's better to have an hour as a free man than forty years as a slave" («Ως
πότε παλικάρια να ζούμε στα στενά…. Καλλιώναι μίας ώρας ελεύθερη ζωή παρά σαράντα χρόνια σκλαβιά και φυλακή»). He urged Greeks to
leave the Ottoman-occupied towns for the mountains, where they might experience more freedom.
A statue of Rigas Feraios stands at the entrance to the University of Athens. There is also a statue of his in Belgrade at one
end of the street that bears his name (Ulica Rige od Fere).
Rigas Feraios was also the name of the youth wing of the Communist Party of Greece (Interior), in honour of the poet. A split of this youth
wing was Rigas Feraios - Second Panhellenic.
Rigas' image is depicted on the 0.10 Euro Greek
coin.
Notes
References
Greek
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia
Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
In turn, it cites as references:
- I. C. Bolanachi, Hommes illustres de la Gréce moderne (Paris, 1875)
- E. M. Edmonds, Rhigas Pheraios (London, 1890)
- Rizos Neroulos, Histoire de la révolution grecque (Paris, 1829)
- Neagu Djuvara, Între Orient şi Occident. Ţările române la începutul epocii
moderne ("Between Orient and Occident. The Romanian Lands at the beginning of the modern era"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995
- Gianni A. Papadrianou, Ο Ρήγας Βελεστινλής και οι Βαλκανικοί λαοί ("Rigas Velestinlis and the Balkan peoples")
- Woodhouse, C. M. (1995). Rhigas Velestinlis: The Proto-martyr of the Greek
Revolution. Denise Harvey. ISBN 9607120094.
External links
History of Modern Greek Literature by C. T. Dimaras
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