Rigas Feraios or Rigas Velestinlis (Greek: Ρήγας Βελεστινλής-Φεραίος, born Αντώνιος Κυριαζής, Antonios Kyriazis; also known as Κωνσταντίνος Ρήγας, Konstantinos or Constantine Rhigas; Serbian: Рига од Фере, Riga od Fere; 1757—June 13, 1798) was a Greek writer and revolutionary, an eminent figure of the Greek Enlightenment, remembered as a Greek national hero, the first victim of the uprising against the Ottoman Empire and a forerunner of the Greek War of Independence.
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Early life
He was born in a wealthy family in the village of Velestino, Thessaly, near ancient Pherae (from which Feraios derives). He is sometimes described as being of Aromanian ancestry but according to Peter Mackridge "[...]there is no sure evidence to support this[...]".[1] Educated at the school of Ampelakia, Feraios became a teacher in the village of Kissos, and fought the local Ottoman presence. At the age of twenty, he killed an important Ottoman figure and fled to the uplands of Mount Olympus, where he enlisted in a band of soldiers led by Spiros Zeras.
He later went to the monastic community of Mount Athos, where he was received by Kosmas, prior of the Vatopedi Monastery; from there to Constantinople (Istanbul), where he was a secretary to the Phanariote Alexander Ypsilanti. Arriving in Bucharest, the capital of Wallachia, Feraios returned to school, learned several languages and eventually became a clerk for the Wallachian Prince Nicholas Mavrogenes. When war broke out between the Ottomans and Imperial Russia in 1787, he was charged with the inspection of the troops in Craiova.
Here, he entered into close and friendly relations with an Ottoman officer named Osman Pazvantoğlu, afterwards the famous rebellious Pasha of Vidin, whose life he saved from the vengeance of Mavrogenes. He learned about the French Revolution and came to believe something similar could occur in the Balkans, resulting in self-determination for the Eastern Orthodox Ottoman population; Feraios developed support for an uprising by meeting with Greek bishops and guerrilla leaders.
After the death of his patron, Feraios returned to Bucharest to serve for some time as dragoman at the French consulate. At this time he wrote the famous Greek version of La Marseillaise, the anthem of French revolutionaries, a version familiar through Lord Byron's paraphrase as "sons of the Greeks, arise".
In Vienna
Around 1793, Feraios went to Vienna, the capital of the Austrian Empire and home to a large Greek community, as part of an effort to ask Napoleon Bonaparte for assistance and support. While in the city, he edited a Greek-language newspaper, Ephemeris, and created and published a proposed political map of Great Greece which included Constantinople.
He printed pamphlets based on the principles of the French Revolution, including Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and New Political Constitution of the Inhabitants of Rumeli, Asia Minor, the Islands of the Aegean, and the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia — these he intended to distribute in an effort to stimulate a Pan-Balkan uprising against the Ottomans. He also published many Greek translations of foreign works, and collected his poems in a manuscript (posthumously printed in Iaşi, 1814).
Death
He entered into communication with Napoleon, to whom he sent a snuff-box made of the root of a laurel tree taken from the temple of Apollo, and eventually he set out with a view to meeting the general of the Army of Italy in Venice. While traveling there, Feraios was betrayed by Demetrios Oikonomos Kozanites, a Greek merchant, had his papers confiscated, and was arrested at Trieste by the Austrian authorities (an ally of the Ottoman Empire, Austria was concerned the French Revolution might provoke similar upheavals in its realm and later formed the Holy Alliance). He was handed over with his accomplices to the Ottoman governor of Belgrade where he was imprisoned and tortured. Immediately on arrest he attempted suicide.
From Belgrade, he was to be sent to Constantinople to be sentenced by Sultan Selim III. While in transit, he and his five collaborators were strangled to prevent their rescue by Feraios' friend Osman Pazvantoğlu. Their bodies were thrown into the Danube River.
Feraios' last words are reported as being: "I have sown a rich seed; the hour is coming when my country will reap its glorious fruits".
Ideas and legacy
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Feraios, preferring Demotic instead of Puristic Greek, aroused the patriotic fervor of his contemporaries and his writings were an important legacy during the making of Greece.
His grievances against the Ottoman occupation of Greece regarded its cruelty, the drafting of children between the ages of five and fifteen into military service (Devshirmeh or Paedomazoma), the administrative chaos and systematic oppression (including prohibitions on teaching Greek history or language, or even riding on horseback), the confiscation of churches and their conversion to mosques. Feraios wrote enthusiastic poems and books about Greek history and many became widely popular. One of the most famous (which he often sang in public) is the Thourio in which he wrote, "It's better to have an hour as a free man than forty years as a slave" («Ως πότε παλικάρια να ζούμε στα στενά…. Καλλιώναι μίας ώρας ελεύθερη ζωή παρά σαράντα χρόνια σκλαβιά και φυλακή»). He urged Greeks to leave the Ottoman-occupied towns for the mountains, where they might experience more freedom.
A statue of Rigas Feraios stands at the entrance to the University of Athens. There is also a statue of his in Belgrade at the beginning of the street that bears his name (Ulica Rige od Fere).
Rigas Feraios was also the name of the youth wing of the Communist Party of Greece (Interior), in honour of the poet. A split of this youth wing was Rigas Feraios - Second Panhellenic.
Feraios' portrait was depicted on the obverse of the Greek 200 drachmas banknote of 1996-2001.[2] A 50 drachmas commemorative coin was issued in 1998 for the 200th anniversary of his death.[3] His image is depicted on the 0.10 Euro Greek coin.
In popular culture
Nikos Xydakis and Manolis Rasoulis wrote a song called Etsi pou les, Riga Feraio (That's it, Rigas Feraios, Greek: Έτσι που λες, Ρήγα Φεραίο), which was sung by Rasoulis himself.
Notes
- ^ Peter Mackridge, Aspects of language and identity in the Greek peninsula since the eighteenth century, The Newsletter of the Society Farsarotul, Volume XXI & XXII, Issues 1 & 2
- ^ Bank of Greece. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: 200 drachmas. – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.
- ^ Bank of Greece. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: 50 drachmas. – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.
References
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Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. In turn, it cites as references:
- Gianni A. Papadrianou, Ο Ρήγας Βελεστινλής και οι Βαλκανικοί λαοί ("Rigas Velestinlis and the Balkan peoples").
- Woodhouse, C. M. (1995). Rhigas Velestinlis: The Proto-martyr of the Greek Revolution. Denise Harvey. ISBN 9607120094.
External links
- Collection of papers dedicated to Rigas Charta, e-Perimetron, Vol. 3, No.3, 2008
- Nebojša Tower will become a historical monument
- Chalcography of Alexander the Great by Rigas Feraios,Vienna 1797
- History of Modern Greek Literature by C. T. Dimaras
"Rhigas, Constantine". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
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