Right to Internet access

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Digital rights. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2012.

The right to Internet access, also known as the right to broadband, is the view that all people must be able to access the Internet in order to exercise and enjoy their rights to Freedom of expression and opinion and other fundamental human rights. In several countries, including Estonia,^[1] France,^[2] Finland,^[3] Greece^[4] and Spain,^[5] Internet access is already a human right.

History

2003: World Summit on the Information Society

In December 2003 the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) was convened under the auspice of the United Nations. After lengthy negotiations between governments, businesses and civil society representatives the WSIS Declaration of Principles was adopted reaffirming the importance of the Information Society to maintaining and strengthening human rights:^{[6] [7]}

1. We, the representatives of the peoples of the world, assembled in Geneva from 10-12 December 2003 for the first phase of the World Summit on the Information Society, declare our common desire and commitment to build a people-centred, inclusive and development-oriented Information Society, where everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge, enabling individuals, communities and peoples to achieve their full potential in promoting their sustainable development and improving their quality of life, premised on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and respecting fully and upholding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

3. We reaffirm the universality, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelation of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to development, as enshrined in the Vienna Declaration. We also reaffirm that democracy, sustainable development, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as good governance at all levels are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. We further resolve to strengthen the rule of law in international as in national affairs.

The WSIS Declaration of Principles makes specific reference to the importance of the right to freedom of expression in the "Information Society" in stating:

4. We reaffirm, as an essential foundation of the Information Society, and as outlined in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; that this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Communication is a fundamental social process, a basic human need and the foundation of all social organization. It is central to the Information Society. Everyone, everywhere should have the opportunity to participate and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the Information Society offers."^[7]

2009-2010: BBC World Service poll

A poll of 27,973 adults in 26 countries, including 14,306 Internet users,^[8] conducted for the BBC World Service between 30 November 2009 and 7 February 2010 found that almost four in five Internet users and non-users around the world felt that access to the Internet was a fundamental right.^[9] 50% strongly agreed, 29% somewhat agreed, 9% somewhat disagreed, 6% strongly disagreed, and 6% gave no opinion.^[10]

2011: Recommendations of the UN Special Rapporteur

The 88 recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression in a May 2011 report to the Human Rights Council of the United Nations General Assembly include several that bear on the question of the right to Internet access:^[11]

67. Unlike any other medium, the Internet enables individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds instantaneously and inexpensively across national borders. By vastly expanding the capacity of individuals to enjoy their right to freedom of opinion and expression, which is an “enabler” of other human rights, the Internet boosts economic, social and political development, and contributes to the progress of humankind as a whole. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur encourages other Special Procedures mandate holders to engage on the issue of the Internet with respect to their particular mandates.

78. While blocking and filtering measures deny users access to specific content on the Internet, States have also taken measures to cut off access to the Internet entirely. The Special Rapporteur considers cutting off users from Internet access, regardless of the justification provided, including on the grounds of violating intellectual property rights law, to be disproportionate and thus a violation of article 19, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

79. The Special Rapporteur calls upon all States to ensure that Internet access is maintained at all times, including during times of political unrest.

85. Given that the Internet has become an indispensable tool for realizing a range of human rights, combating inequality, and accelerating development and human progress, ensuring universal access to the Internet should be a priority for all States. Each State should thus develop a concrete and effective policy, in consultation with individuals from all sections of society, including the private sector and relevant Government ministries, to make the Internet widely available, accessible and affordable to all segments of population.

These statements, opinions, and recommendations have led to the suggestion that Internet access itself is or should become a fundamental human right.^[12][13]

Links to specific rights

Right to freedom of speech

The right to Internet access is closely linked to the right of freedom of speech which can be seen to encompass freedom of expression too. Two key facets of the Internet are highlighted by Stephanie Borg Psaila- the content of the Internet and the infrastructure of the Internet.^[14] The infrastructure is necessary in order to deliver the service to the masses but requires extensive positive action. The content loaded onto the Internet however is seen as something that should be available to all, with few or no restrictions; limits on content have been viewed as the key breach of human rights, namely the right to freedom of speech.

The Internet’s power is said to lie in its removal of a government’s control of information.^[15] Online, anyone can publish anything, which allows citizens to circumvent the government’s official information sources. This has threatened governing regimes and lead to many censoring or cutting Internet service in times of crisis.

China and Iran are currently the two world’s largest censorship users. Both nations use extensive firewall systems to block any information from the Internet which they perceive to be offensive or threatening to their regimes.^[16] If a citizen of these nations is caught dissenting from the nation using the Internet then they may face severe penalties, even the removal of civil liberties.

In contrast to this, censorship which has been initiated by the United States is focused more on the protection of intellectual property. While the right to proportion of one’s individual ideas is recognize there is wide-spread fear that wide ranging powers awarded in anti-piracy laws will lead to the abuse of freedom of expression and censorship.^[17]

The removal or censorship of Internet in turn could be seen as a breach of the human right of freedom of speech. The Egyptian government shut down the Internet a number of times during the 18 day uprising in Egypt in an attempt to stifle the protests during the Arab Spring. Even though servies were only cut off for a few days this stifled Eygptians ability to access basic services such as ambulances which has been blamed by some for escalating the death toll of demonstrators.^[18] In response to this Google and Twitter developed a voice mail service for Egyptians to leave messages which in turn were posted onto Twitter.^[19]

In the report to the OSCE on Internet access as a fundamental human right Professor Yaman Akdenian states that the right to freedom of expression must be universal including the technology which will enable it. Restrictions on this right and any mediums required to fulfill it should only be permitted if they comply with international norms and are balanced again the public interest. Further the author noted that new technologies which arise in aiding the freedom of expression will require new approaches. Thus rules governing the use of non-digital media cannot be assumed to apply to digital media too. Further it was also noted in the paper presented to the OSCE that extra measures should be taken to ensure vulnerable groups such as children have access to Internet and literacy programs.^[20]

Right to development

The Right to development is a third generation right recognized by the UN General Assembly. The Internet’s role in securing this right has been noted by human rights scholars and activists in several ways. In his report Special rapporteur Frank La Rue notes that Internet can “accelerate development” for nations.^[21]

It is claimed that increasing access to the Internet by just 10% can add 1.28 - 2.5% to the GDP of developing countries.^[22]

The increasing access to technology such as mobile phones has already proven to provide developing nations with further development opportunities. Increasing access to Internet can provide for better abilities to maintain savings account and online trading which can benefit low income earners.^[23]

Increasingly people all over the world are becoming “plugged in” to the world wide web and connecting with information and other people. As part of every nation's development it has now been argued that as we rely on governments of states to provide utilities such as water and electricity so to should governments be expected to ensure access to the Internet is delivered to all. Providing Internet access, connecting developing communities with other developed community is seen as escalating development.^[24]

Right to freedom of assembly

Traditionally the right to freedom of assembly covered peaceful gatherings such as protests in physical public spaces such as town squares but as technology progresses we are seeing a revolution in the way people meet and interact. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton has stated, “cyber space, after all, is the public square of the 21st century.”^[25] Today we are seeing an increase in the relevance of internet and the right right to freedom of assembly. Even signing an online petition has been known to cause arrests and the internet has become a useful tool in the organization of protest movements and demonstrations. ^[26]

It is widely recognized that without the contribution of the Internet and social media networks such as Twitter and Facebook recent political events such as the Arab Spring could not have occurred, or at least not to the same extent.^[27][28] The role these mediums had were to allow the communication and mass dispatch of protests and other movements.

Internet access was also pivotal in the Occupy movement. A collective of journalists involved in the movement stated in regards to access to internet, "[a]ccess to open communications platforms is critical for the human species evolution and survival."^[29]

Implications and complications

Implementation

Implementing the right to Internet access can be accomplished by requiring that universal service providers provide a mandatory minimum connection capability to all desiring home users in the regions of a country they serve.

Much of the Spanish speaking world has celebrated Internet Day since 2005, including many initiatives of increasing network access. Panama has 214 "infoplazas"^[30] which are places of free Internet access. (from Hoy (from Ecuador) on May 17, 2011, called "Derechos Humanos y accesso de la red central celebracion del Dia de Internet.")

Critiques of the human right to Internet access

High profile criticism of the notion that access to the Internet should be a human right comes from Vint Cerf who is often dubbed the “father of the Internet.” Cerf claims that internet access cannot be a right in itself. Cerf sums up his argument when he states “Technology is an enabler of rights, not a right itself." This has been seen as a narrow interpretation by some human rights commentators including Amnesty International.^[31]

Cerf concedes the Internet plays an important role in civil participation which leads him to conclude that Internet access should be a civil right, but he does not agree with it being afforded the higher status of a human right.^[32]

This article has sparked much debate online about the scope of human rights and whether Internet access should be afforded that status.

Many have pointed to weaknesses in Cerf’s argument. Cerf notes that the positive act of providing Internet access would be too onerous on governments and in any case governments don’t have a duty to provide all their citizens with access to other forms of communication such as telephones. Egyptian human rights activist Sherif Elsayed-Ali argues that the notion of rights have the ability to change as social contexts change. He claims that one must look at right in the context complete denial to the world population of that right would lead to a detriment in the quality of life. Elsayed-Ali claims without the Internet we would be taking a step back in our development with news and innovation in crucial sectors such as health and technology would take much longer to spread across the globe.^[33]

Others point to the fact that it is not the Internet itself which is the right but rather the access to the Internet which should be an enshrined right. The European Union’s European Commission Vice President Viviance Reding stated that “"The rules therefore provide that any measures taken regarding access to or use of, services and applications must respect the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons, including the right to privacy, freedom of expression and access to information and education as well as due process.”(Emphasis added)^[34] The removal of this right through censorship or the denial of service could amount in a breach to several human rights which are fulfilled through online participation.

La Rue thus emphasizes “Each state should thus develop a concrete and effective policy to make the Internet widely available, accessible, and affordable to all segments of population.”

Three strikes

In response to copyright infringement using peer-to-peer software, the creative industries, reliant on copyright, advocate what is known as a "graduated response" which sees consumers disconnected after a number of notification letters warning that they are infringing copyright. The content industry has sought to gain the co-operation of Internet service providers (ISPs), asking them to provide subscriber information for IP addresses identified by the content industry as engaged in copyright infringement.^[35] The proposal for Internet service providers to cut off Internet access to a subscriber who had received three warning letters of alleged copyright infringement was initially known as "three strikes", based on the baseball rule of "three strikes and you're out". Because "three strikes" was understood to refer to physical assault,^{[citation needed]} the approach was later termed "graduated response". Media attention has focused on attempts to implement such an approach in France (see the HADOPI law) and the UK (see the Digital Economy Act 2010), though the approach, or variations of it, has been implemented in a number of other countries, or attempts are made to do so.^[36]

Future regulation of the Internet

The Internet as a whole is seen as a medium which is outside of any one State’s jurisdiction, while portions of the Internet are subject to laws and regulations of the countries in which they operate.^[37]. Going forward international dialogue has begun on how the Internet should be regulated.

Human rights activists are lobbying for any regulation on the Internet to be in the form of protections of rights rather than in limiting access to the Internet.^[38]. Any attempt to regulate “harmful” or illegal activities online can face difficulties as States differ in their definitions of both.^[39]

Breadth of ensured provision

The type and breadth of access which is ensured by an enshrined right can also widely vary, with governments which have pursued an enshrinement of a right to broadband often setting seemingly-adequate minimum targets of speed, number of home connections, type of provision, etc.

See also

Freedom of speech portal

• Global internet usage
• Internet censorship
  • Internet censorship by country
• Digital divide
  • Global digital divide

References