ringed seal

Ringed Seal
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Phocidae
Genus:	Pusa
Species:	P. hispida
Binomial name
Pusa hispida (Schreber, 1775)
Synonyms
Phoca hispida

The ringed seal (Pusa hispida), also known as the jar seal and as netsik or nattiq by the Inuit, is an earless seal inhabiting the northern coasts.

Description

Typical adult ringed seals are 85 to 160 cm long and weigh 40 to 90 kg. The coat is a light grey spotted with black; the spots often being surrounded with lighter ring markings, from which this seal gets its vernacular name. Ring seals have a small head and small plump bodies. Their snouts are short and narrow.

Range and habitat

Ringed seals occur throughout the Arctic Ocean. They can be found in the Baltic Sea, the Bering Sea and the Hudson Bay. They prefer to rest on ice floe and will move farther north for denser ice. Some subspecies can be found in freshwater.

Life history

Female seals reach maturity at 5–7 years while males usually reach sexual maturity at around 6–8 years. The seals give birth on ice floes or shorefast ice. Seal pups are born from mid March to early April. Gestation period is approximately 9 months. Seal pups depend on maternal care for 40 days and build up a thick layer of blubber. The ringed seals are the only pinnipeds that maintain a breathing hole in the ice thus allowing it to use ice habitat that other seals cannot.

Mating starts in between August and September (High Arctic). Males will roam the ice for a mate. When found, the male and female may spend several days together before mating. Then the male looks for another mate.

The seal's natural predators are orcas, polar bears, wolves and wolverines; in fact, the Ringed Seal is a preferred and important subsistence food for the threatened polar bear.^[2] In addition to threats to the Ringed Seal from predators, icepacks have begun breaking up earlier than in the past due to global warming . Birthing lairs are often destroyed before the seal pup is able to forage on its own leading to poor body condition.

Diet

In the summer ringed seals feed along edge of the sea-ice for polar cod. In shallow water they feed on smaller cod. Ringed seals may also eat herring, smelt, whitefish, sculpin, perch, and crustaceans.

Economic importance

Examination of Early Paleoeskimo sites in Arctic Canada has demonstrated the deliberate hunting of juvenile and young adult ringed seals, probably in the fall and winter from frozen cracks and leads in the ice. (Murray, 2005)

Conservation status

On March 28, 2008, the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service initiated a status review[1] under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to determine if listing this ice seal species under the ESA is warranted.

Subspecies

Ringed Seal emerging from under the ice

The populations living in different areas have evolved to separate subspecies, which are:

• Pusa hispida hispida: Arctic coasts of Europe, Russia, Canada and Alaska, including Novaya Zemlya, Spitsbergen, Greenland and Baffin Island.
• Pusa hispida krascheninikovi: North Bering Sea
• Pusa hispida ochotensis: Kamchatka, Okhotsk Sea and southward to 35°N, along the Japanese Pacific coast.
• Pusa hispida botnica Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland
• Pusa hispida ladogensis (Ladoga Seal) Lake Ladoga
• Pusa hispida saimensis (Saimaa Ringed Seal, saimaannorppa). Lives only in Lake Saimaa in Finland and is one of the most threatened seals in the world with total population around 250 individuals.

The three last subspecies are isolated from the others, like the closely related Baikal Seal (Nerpa) and Caspian Seal.

See also

• Saimaa Ringed Seal
• Baikal Seal
• Caspian Seal

References

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (May 2008)

• Murray, M. S. (2005). Prehistoric Use of Ringed Seals: A Zooarchaeological Study from Arctic Canada. Environmental Archaeology 10 (1): 19-38
• U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service ringed seal webpage[2]

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Phoca hispida

• Seal Conservation Society – Ringed Seal
• Saimaa Ringed Seal
• Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami page on the ringed seal
• Pusa hispida - Animal Diversity Web