| Rough-skinned Newt | ||||||||||||||
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| Taricha granulosa |
The rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) is a North American newt known for its strong poison.
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Subspecies
T. granulosa is divided into two subspecies. Both have rough or granular skin, except for breeding males, which additionally exhibit swollen vents and cornified toe pads.
- The rough-skinned newt (T. g. granulosa) is light brown to brownish-black above with an orange or yellow belly. In some populations, the back has dark blotches. They are between 13 to 22 cm long.
- The Crater Lake newt or Mazama newt (T. g. mazamae) is darker above and brighter below than T. g. granulosa and may also have dark blotches below. The validity of this subspecies, which is exclusive to the region of Crater Lake, Oregon, is disputed by some researchers because the newts on Gravina Island, Alaska, are very similar.
Toxicity
Many newts produce toxins to avoid predation, but the toxins of the genus Taricha are particularly potent. One thirtieth of the toxin present in the skin of an average adult rough-skinned newt is sufficient to kill a healthy adult human.[citation needed] Toxicity is generally experienced only if the newt is ingested, although there are reports that some individuals experience skin irritation after dermal contact.
Toxin
The rough-skinned newt possesses tetrodotoxin, which in this species was formerly called tarichatoxin. This toxin binds to sodium channels in nerve cells and interferes with the normal flow of sodium ions in and out of the cell. This has the effect of inducing paralysis and death.
Toxin resistance and predation
Throughout much of the newt’s range, the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) has been observed to exhibit resistance to the tetrodotoxin produced in its skin. While in principle the toxin binds to a tube shaped protein that acts as a sodium channel in the snake's nerve cells, researchers have identified a genetic disposition in several snake populations where the protein is configured in such a way as to hamper or prevent binding of the toxin. In each of these populations, the snakes exhibit resistance to the toxin and successfully prey upon the newts. Toxin resistant garter snakes are the only known animals today that can eat a T. granulosa newt and survive.
In evolutionary theory, the relationship between the rough-skinned newt and the common garter snake is considered an example of co-evolution [1]. The mutations in the snake’s genes that conferred resistance to the toxin have resulted in a selective pressure that favors newts which produce more potent levels of toxin. Increases in newt toxicity then apply a selective pressure favoring snakes with mutations conferring even greater resistance. This cycle of a predator and prey evolving to one another is sometimes termed an evolutionary arms race and has resulted in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess of what is needed to kill any other conceivable predator.
Location
Habitats of rough-skinned newts are found throughout the west coast of the US. They are uncommon east of the Cascade Mountains though occasionally found (and considered exotic, and possibly artificially introduced) as far as Montana. One isolated population lives in several ponds just north of Moscow, Idaho and were most likely introduced. The southern range extends to Santa Cruz, California and as far north as Alaska. [2]
Parasites
Parasites include the trematode Helipegus occidualis, the adult form of which may infest the newt's esophagus and the anterior of their stomach. [3]
See also
Line notes
- ^ American Book Company, Liz Thompson (2006). Passing the New Jersey High School Proficiency Assessment in Science. American Book Company. p. 106. ISBN 1598071033.
- ^ Natureserve Explorer
- ^ Marvin Clinton Meyer, Oliver Wilford Olsen (1975). Essentials of parasitology (2, illustrated ed.). W. C. Brown Co.. p. 79. ISBN 0697046826, 9780697046826.
References
- Hammerson (2004). Taricha granulosa. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
- "Taricha granulosa: Rough-skinned Newt". Caudata Culture. http://www.caudata.org/cc/species/Taricha/T_granulosa.shtml. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- Geffeney, Shana L., et al. “Evolutionary diversification of TTX-resistant sodium channels in a predatorÂ-prey interaction”. Nature 434 (2005): 759–763.
- "Taricha granulosa granulosa – Rough-Skinned Newt". California Herps. http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/pages/t.granulosa.html. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
- C. Michael Hogan (2008) Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa), Globaltwitcher, ed. N. Stromberg [1]
External links
Information related to Taricha granulosa from Wikispecies.
Media related to Taricha granulosa at Wikimedia Commons
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