Roundedness

This article is concerned with roundedness in vowels. For roundedness in consonants, see Consonants.

Vowels

v • d • e

See also: IPA, Consonants

	Front	Near- front	Central	Near- back	Back
Close	i · y ɨ · ʉ ɯ · u ɪ · ʏ ɪ̈ · ʊ̈ ʊ e · ø ɘ · ɵ ɤ · o ə ɛ · œ ɜ · ɞ ʌ · ɔ æ ɐ a · ɶ ɑ · ɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents
a rounded vowel. Vowel length is indicated by appending ː.

In phonetics, vowel roundedness refers to the amount of rounding in the lips during the articulation of a vowel. That is, it is vocalic labialization. When pronouncing a rounded vowel, the lips form a circular opening, while unrounded vowels (also called spread vowels) are pronounced with the lips relaxed. In most languages, front vowels tend to be unrounded, while back vowels tend to be rounded. But some languages, such as French and German, distinguish rounded and unrounded front vowels of the same height, while Vietnamese distinguishes rounded and unrounded back vowels of the same height.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet vowel chart, rounded vowels are the ones that occur on the right in each pair of vowels. There are also diacritics, respectively ɔ̹ ɔ̜, to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding. The 'more' and 'less rounded' diacritics are sometimes also used with consonants to indicate degrees of labialization. (See relative articulation.)

Types of rounding

Three-way contrast in rounding:
(top) unrounded /iː/
(mid) compressed /ʉ̟ː/
(bottom) protruded /yː/,
as portrayed by a speaker of Swedish.

There are two types of vowel rounding: protruded and compressed.^[1] In protruded rounding, the corners of the mouth are drawn together and the lips protrude like a tube, with their inner surface visible. In compressed rounding, the corners of the mouth are drawn together, but the lips are also drawn together horizontally ("compressed") and do not protrude, with only their outer surface visible. That is, in protruded vowels the inner surfaces of the lips form the opening (thus the alternate term endolabial), while in compressed vowels it is the margins of the lips which form the opening (thus exolabial). Catford (1982:172) observes that back and central rounded vowels, such as German /o/ and /u/, are typically protruded, while front rounded vowels such as German /ø/ and /y/ are typically compressed. Back or central compressed vowels and front protruded vowels are uncommon,^[2] and a contrast between the two types has been found to be phonemic in only one instance.^[3] There are no dedicated IPA diacritics to represent the distinction.

Roundedness and labialization

(Protrusion) roundedness is the vocalic equivalent of consonantal labialization. As such, rounded vowels and labialized consonants affect each other through phonetic assimilation: Rounded vowels labialize consonants, and labialized consonants round vowels.

In many languages such effects are minor phonetic detail, but in some cases they become significant. For example, in Mandarin Chinese, the unrounded vowel /ɤ/ is pronounced [o] after labial consonants^{[citation needed]}, an allophonic effect salient enough to be encoded in pinyin transliteration: velar /xɤ/ he vs. labial /pɤ/ bo. In Vietnamese, the opposite assimilation takes place: velar codas /k/ and /ŋ/ are pronounced as labialized [kʷ] and [ŋʷ], or even labial-velar [kp] and [ŋm], after the rounded vowels /u/ and /o/^{[citation needed]}. In the Northwest Caucasian languages of the Caucasus and the Sepik languages of Papua New Guinea, historically rounded vowels have become unrounded, with the rounding being taken up by the consonant, so that, for example, Sepik [ku] and [ko] are phonemically /kwɨ/ and /kwə/^{[citation needed]}; similarly, Ubykh [ku] and [ko] are phonemically /kʷə/ and /kʷa/^{[citation needed]}.

Notes

1. ^ Endolabial: also called protruded, lip-pouting, horizontal lip-rounding, outrounding, and inner rounding (Trask 1996:180)
   Exolabial: also called compressed, pursed, vertical lip-rounding, inrounding, or outer rounding^{[Meaning? verification needed]} (Trask 1996:252)
   Henry Sweet noted in 1890 that "the term 'inner rounding' derives from the use of the inner surfaces of the lips; the synonymous 'outrounding' derives from the forward projection of the lips. Both terms are justifiable, but their coexistence is likely to lead to serious confusion." (Trask 1996:180.)
2. ^ Henry Sweet (A handbook of phonetics‎, 1877) noted that they are less distinctive from unrounded vowels than their counterparts.
3. ^ Japanese has a back compressed vowel (Okada 1999:118); Swedish has a back compressed vowel <o> and both a front compressed <u> and a front protruded vowel <y> (Engstrand 1999:141); the front rounded vowels contrast in ryta 'roar' and ruta 'window pane' (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:295).

References

• Catford, J. C. (1982) Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Engstrand, O. (1999). Illustrations of the IPA: Swedish in IPA (1999).
• IPA - The International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Ladefoged, P. & Maddieson, I. (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
• Okada, H. (1999). Illustrations of the IPA: Japanese in IPA (1999).
• Trask, R. L. (1996). A dictionary of phonetics and phonology. Routledge: London & New York.

See also

Look up unrounded, endolabial, or exolabial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• List of phonetics topics
• Close front compressed vowel
• Close central compressed vowel
• Close back compressed vowel