The rulers of Tuscany have varied over time, sometimes being margraves, the rulers of handfuls of border counties and sometimes the heads of the most important family of the region.
Margraves of Tuscany, 812–1197
Bonifacii
- These were originally counts of Lucca who extended their power over the neighbouring counties.
- 812-813 Boniface I
- 828-834 Boniface II
- 835-845 Aganus (not of the dynasty)
- 847-886 Adalbert I
- 886-915 Adalbert II the Rich
- 915-929 Guy
- 929-931 Lambert
House of Arles
- These were the (mostly illegitimate) relatives of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, whom he appointed to their post after removing the original dynasty.
- 931-936 Boso
- 936-961 Humbert
- 961-1001 Hugh the Great
Various
- 1004-1011 Boniface (III)
- 1014-1027 Rainier
House of Canossa
- These were the descendants of the Counts of Canossa.
- 1027-1052 Boniface III (also IV)
- 1052-1055 Frederick
- 1052-1076 Beatrice as wife of Boniface III and regent for Frederick and Matilda
- 1054-1069 Godfrey I as husband of Beatrice
- 1069-1076 Godfrey II as husband of Matilda
- 1076-1115 Matilda
- 1089-1095 Welf as husband of Matilda
Various
- 1120-1127 Conrad von Scheiern
- 1135-1137 Engelbert
- 1137-1139 Henry
- 1139-1152 Ulrich von Attems
- 1152-1160 Welf VI (first rule)
- 1160-1167 Welf VII
- 1160-1163 Rainald of Dassel in opposition
- 1163-1173 Christian of Buch as imperial vicar
- 1167-1173 Welf VI (second rule)
- 1195-1197 Philip
Unofficial Medici Rulers of Florence, 1434-1531
- Cosimo de' Medici 1434-1464
- Piero I de' Medici 1464-1469 ("The Gouty")
- Lorenzo I de' Medici 1469-1492 ("The Magnificent")
- Giuliano de' Medici 1469-1478
- Piero II de' Medici 1492-1494
- Republic restored 1494-1512
- Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici 1512-1513
- Lorenzo II de' Medici 1513-1519
- Cardinal Giulio de' Medici 1519-1523
- Ippolito de' Medici 1523-1527
- Alessandro de' Medici 1523-1527
- Republic restored 1527-1530
- Alessandro de' Medici 1530-1531
Medici Dukes of Florence, 1531-1569
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Relationship with predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alessandro | 1532-05-01 | 1537-01-06 | |
| 2 | Cosimo I | 1537-09-20 | 1569-08-21 | fourth cousin of Alessandro |
Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1569-1737
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Relationship with predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cosimo I | 1569-08-21 | 1574-04-21 | |
| 2 | Francesco I | 1574-04-21 | 1587-10-19 | son of Cosimo I |
| 3 | Ferdinando I | 1587-10-19 | 1609-02-07 | brother of Francesco I son of Cosimo I |
| 4 | Cosimo II | 1609-02-07 | 1621-02-28 | son of Ferdinando I |
| 5 | Ferdinando II | 1621-02-28 | 1670-05-23 | son of Cosimo II |
| 6 | Cosimo III | 1670-05-23 | 1723-10-31 | son of Ferdinando II |
| 7 | Gian Gastone | 1723-10-31 | 1737-07-09 | son of Cosimo III |
Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1737-1801
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Relationship with predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | Francesco II Stefano | 1737-07-12 | 1765-08-18 | great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I |
| 9 | Pietro Leopoldo I | 1765-08-18 | 1790-07-22 | second son of Francesco II Stefano |
| 10 | Ferdinando III | 1790-07-22 | 1801-08-03 | second son of Pietro Leopoldo I |
Bourbon Kings of Etruria, 1801-1807
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Relationship with predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ludovico I | 1801-08-03 | 1803-05-27 | Grandson of Francisco II Stefano |
| 2 | Carlo Ludovico II | 1803-05-27 | 1807-12-10 | son of Ludovico I |
Tuscany was annexed by France, 1807-1814. Napoleon's sister Elisa Bonaparte was given the honorary title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany, but did not actually rule over the region.
Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1814-1860
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Relationship with predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | Ferdinando III | 1814-04-27 | 1824-06-18 | (restored) |
| 11 | Leopoldo II | 1824-06-18 | 1859-07-21 | son of Ferdinando III |
| 12 | Ferdinando IV | 1859-07-21 | 1860-03-22 | son of Leopoldo II |
Leopoldo II was driven from Tuscany by revolution from 21 February to 12 April 1849, and again on 27 April 1859. He abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinando IV, on 21 July 1859, but Ferdinando IV was never recognized in Tuscany, and was deposed by the provisional government on 16 August. Tuscany was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia, on 22 March 1860.
Titular Habsburg-Lorraine claimants, 1860-present
- Ferdinand IV 1860-1908
- Joseph Ferdinand 1908-1921
- Peter Ferdinand 1921-1948
- Gottfried 1948-1984
- Leopold Franz 1984-1993
- Sigismund 1993-Present
See also
- List of Tuscan consorts
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany
- History of Tuscany
- Line of succession to the Tuscan throne
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