| Carpatho-Rusyn language | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in |  Zakarpattia (Ukraine) Eastern Slovakia Southern Poland Hungary Northern Romania Vojvodina (Serbia) Eastern Croatia |
|
| Total speakers | Estimated: At least 600,000.[1] Census population: 50,000.[2] |
|
| Language family | Indo-European
|
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language in | Vojvodina (Serbia) [citation needed] |
|
| Regulated by | No official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | None | |
| ISO 639-2 | sla | |
| ISO 639-3 | rue | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
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Rusyn is a language spoken by the Rusyns living in Central Europe. Opinions differ among linguists concerning whether Rusyn is a separate East Slavic language or a dialect of Ukrainian.[3] The political implications of the dispute add to the controversy.
Carpatho-Rusyn is spoken in the Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine, in northeastern Slovakia, southeastern Poland (where it is often called łemkowski 'Lemko', from their characteristic word lem/лем 'only'), or Lyshak and Hungary (where the people and language are called Ruten). The Pannonian Rusyn language used in Serbia is sometimes considered part of the Rusyn dialectic subgroup. In Ukraine, Rusyn is officialy considered a dialect of Ukrainian, since it is very close to the Ukrainian Hutsul dialect and since Ukraine does not officialy recognise Rusyns as a separate people, but some speakers prefer to consider themselves ethnically distinct from Ukrainians.
Attempts to standardize the dialects suffer because native speakers are divided among four separate countries, Efforts are also hampered because some Rusyns living outside of the region do not speak the dialect fluently. In each of these countries different orthographies (in most cases using variants of the Cyrillic alphabet) and a grammatical standard, based on different dialects. The cultural centres of Carpatho-Rusyns are located in Prešov in Slovakia, Uzhhorod and Mukacheve in Ukraine, Krynica and Legnica in Poland[citation needed], Ruski Krstur in Vojvodina and Budapest in Hungary. Many active western Ukrainians live in Canada and the USA.
It is very difficult to count the speakers of the Rusyn language, but their number is sometimes estimated at almost a million, most of them in Ukraine and Slovakia. Yugoslavia recognized Rusyn,[dubious ] more precisely Pannonian Rusyn, as an official language. In 1995, Rusyn was recognized as a minority language in Slovakia, enjoying the status of official language in municipalities where more than 20% of the inhabitants speak this Western Ukrainian dialect.
The Carpatho Rusyn language can be divided as follows:
| Name | Language area | Annotation |
|---|---|---|
| Hutsul | in the mountainous part of Suceava County and Maramures County in Romania and the extreme southern parts of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast of Ukraine (as well as in parts of the Chernivtsi and Transcarpathian Oblasts), and on the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains. | |
| Boyko | northern side of the Carpathian Mountains in the Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblasts of Ukraine. It can also be heard across the border in the Subcarpathian Voivodship of Poland | |
| Lemko | outside Ukraine in the Prešov Region of Slovakia along the southern side of the Carpathian Mountains. It was formerly spoken on the northern side of the same mountains, in what is now southeastern Poland, prior to Operation Wisła | being revived |
| Dolinian Rusyn | Transcarpathian Oblast of Ukraine. | |
| Subcarpathian Rusyn | ||
| Pryashiv Rusyn | the Prešov Region (in Rusyn: Pryashiv/Pryashuv) of Slovakia, as well as by some émigré communities, primarily in the United States of America. | |
| Pannonian Rusyn | northwestern Serbia and eastern Croatia | one of the official languages of the Serbian Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. |
| Bačka |
Boiko, Hutsul and Dolinian are sometimes identified (and for the same speakers) as Ukrainian dialects since some of their speakers identified themselves Ukrainians.
Contents |
Alphabet
| Capital | Small | Name | Translit. | Pronunciation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А | а | a | a | /a/ | |
| Б | б | бы | b | /b/ | |
| В | в | вы | v | /v/ | |
| Г | г | гы | h | /ɦ/ | |
| Ґ | ґ | ґы | g | /ɡ/ | |
| Д | д | ды | d | /d/ | |
| Е | е | e | e | /je/ | |
| Є | є | є | je | /je/ | |
| Ё | ё | ё | jo | /ʏ/ | not present in Pannonian Rusyn |
| Ж | ж | жы | ž | /ʒ/ | |
| З | з | зы | z | /z/ | |
| И | и | и | y | /ɪ/ | |
| І | і | i | i | /i/ | not present in Pannonian Rusyn |
| Ы | ы | ы | y | /ɨ/ | |
| Ї | ї | ї | ji | /ji/ | |
| Й | й | йы | j | /j/ | |
| К | к | кы | k | /k/ | |
| Л | л | лы | l | /l/ | |
| М | м | мы | m | /m/ | |
| Н | н | ны | n | /n/ | |
| О | о | o | o | /o/ | |
| П | п | пы | p | /p/ | |
| Р | р | ры | r | /r/ | |
| С | с | сы | s | /s/ | |
| Т | т | ты | t | /t/ | |
| У | у | у | u | /u/ | |
| Ф | ф | фы | f | /f/ | |
| Х | х | хы | x, ch | /x/ | |
| Ц | ц | цы | c | /ts/ | |
| Ч | ч | чы | č | /t͡ʃ/ | |
| Ш | ш | шы | š | /ʃ/ | |
| Щ | щ | щы | šč | /ʃt͡ʃ/ | |
| Ѣ | ѣ | їть | /ji/,/i/ | Used before World War II | |
| Ю | ю | ю | ju | /ju/ | |
| Я | я | я | ja | /ja/ | |
| Ь | ь | мнягкый знак (ірь) | ′ | /ʲ/ | marks preceding consonant's palatalization |
| Ъ | ъ | твердый знак (ір) | ′ | not present in Pannonian Rusyn |
See also
- Old Ruthenian
- Rusyns
- Pannonian Rusyns
- Alexander Duchnovič's Theatre
- Metodyj Trochanovskij, Lemko Grammarian
References
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., ed (2005). "Ethnologue report for language code:rue (Rusyn)". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 13 978-1-55671-159-6. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rue. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
- ^ These are numbers from national official bureaus for statistics:
- ^ "A Survey of Developments in Poland, Belarus, and Ukraine by the Regional Specialists of RFE/RL's Newsline Team". RFE/RL Poland, Belarus, and Ukraine Report. 11 January 2000. http://lists.microlink.lv/pipermail/minelres/2000-January/000398.html. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
Further reading
- A new Slavic language is born. The Rusyn literary language in Slovakia. Ed. Paul Robert Magocsi. New York 1996.
- Magocsi, Paul Robert. Let's speak Rusyn. Бісідуйме по-руськы. Englewood 1976.
- Aleksandr Dmitrievich Dulichenko. Jugoslavo-Ruthenica. Роботи з рускей филолоґиї. Нови Сад 1995.
- Taras Kuzio, "The Rusyn question in Ukraine: sorting out fact from fiction", Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XXXII (2005)
- Elaine Rusinko, "Rusinski/Ruski pisni" selected by Nataliia Dudash; "Muza spid Karpat (Zbornik poezii Rusiniv na Sloven'sku)" assembled by Anna Plishkova. Books review. "The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 42, No. 2. (Summer, 1998), pp. 348-350. JSTOR archive
- Marta Harasowska. "Morphophonemic Variability, Productivity, and Change: The Case of Rusyn", Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 1999, ISBN 3110157616.
- Book review by Edward J. Vajda, Language, Vol. 76, No. 3. (Sep., 2000), pp. 728-729
- I. I. Pop, Paul Robert Magocsi, Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture, University of Toronto Press, 2002, ISBN 0802035663
External links
- Rusyn language at the World Academy of Rusyn Culture
- Ethnologue report for Rusyn
- Rusyn Greco Catholic Church in Novi Sad (Vojvodina-Serbia)
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