| Indian Music | |
|---|---|
| Indian classical music | |
| Carnatic music | |
| Hindustani music | |
| Core Concepts | |
| Śruti · Swara · Rāga · Tala |
The śruti (Sanskrit "thing heard", "sound"; written also sruti or shruti) is the smallest interval of the tuning system in Indian classical music.
Contents |
Śruti types
Canonically there are 22 śruti in the octave although systems with more or fewer śruti have been proposed.[by whom?] Here they are given in terms of just intonation, although many authors assume schismatic temperament implicitly.
There are infinite ratios, and therefore kinds of śrutis, in Indian music as there is full freedom; yet the classical values described are
- Chatuh śruti : 9/8
- Tri śruti : 10/9
- Dwi śruti : 16/15
- Single or Mono śruti : 81/80 which is called pramana śruti.
Furthermore, there are Antar-śruti which give distances within one śruti and show how distances were formed:
- 2:1 is taken as distance between same Swar śruti Sa to Sa, Re to Re Ga to Ga & likewise. this was placed on "4th śruti"
- 3:2 is distance between Sa & Pa that is ist tone & 5th tone. this was placed on "17th śruti"
- 4:3 is taken as distance between Sa & Ma Shuddha this was placed on "13th śruti"
- 5:4 is taken as distance between Sa & Ga Shuddha this was placed on "9th śruti"
- 6:5 is taken as distance between Sa & Ga Komal which was called teevra in old ages as moving Ga towards Re makes Re Suddha
Śruti & their frequencies (as defined in Hindustani Music)
Sadja below is assumed to be A#.
| Śruti Name | Swara | Ratio | Śruti Frequency(Hz) | Note Name | Note Frequency(Hz) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kshobhini | Shadja | 1 | 466.1638 | A# | 466.1638 |
| Tivra | Komal Rishabh | 256/243 | 491.1026 | B | 493.8833 |
| Kumdavati | 16/15 | 497.2414 | |||
| Manda | 10/9 | 517.9598 | |||
| Chandovati | Shuddha Rishabh | 9/8 | 524.4343 | C | 523.2512 |
| Dayavanti | Komal Gandhar | 32/27 | 552.4904 | C# | 554.3653 |
| Ranjani | 6/5 | 559.3966 | |||
| Raktika | 5/4 | 582.7048 | |||
| Rudri | Shuddha Gandhar | 81/64 | 589.9886 | D | 587.3296 |
| Krodhi | Shuddha Madhyam | 4/3 | 621.5517 | D# | 622.2540 |
| Vajrika | 27/20 | 629.3211 | |||
| Prasarini | Tivra Madhyam | 45/32 | 655.5428 | E | 659.2552 |
| Priti | 729/512 | 663.7371 | |||
| Marjani | Pancham | 3/2 | 699.2457 | F | 698.4565 |
| Kshiti | Komal Dhaivat | 128/81 | 736.6539 | F# | 739.9889 |
| Rakta | 8/5 | 745.8621 | |||
| Sandipini | 5/3 | 776.9397 | |||
| Alapini | Shudddha Dhaivat | 27/16 | 786.6514 | G | 783.9909 |
| Madni | Komal Nishad | 16/9 | 828.7356 | G# | 830.6095 |
| Rohini | 9/5 | 839.0948 | |||
| Ramya | 15/8 | 874.0571 | |||
| Ugra | Shuddha Nishad | 243/128 | 884.9828 | A | 880.0001 |
| Kshobhini | Shadja | 2 | 932.3276 | A# | 932.3276 |
See also
- Śruti box
References
- Lentz, Donald A. Tones and Intervals of Hindu Classical Music. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1961.
- Deva, B Chaitanya The Music of India: A Scientific Study.
- Rao, Suvarnalata Acoustical Perspective on Raga Rasa Theory.
External links
- http://www.22shrutiharmonium.com A website showcasing the revolutionary research on the 22 śrutis in Indian music, and pinpointing their positions mathematically.
- www.soundofindia.com Article on śrutsi by Jeyanthe Ratnakumar
- Sound samples of indian śrutis and their names
- A software implementation of 22 Srutis with 12 Indian Classical Instruments
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