Founded: 1886
Incorporated: 1932
NAIC: 325611 Soap and Other Detergent Manufacturing; 325612 Polish and Other Sanitation Good Manufacturing; 325613 Surface Active Agent Manufacturing; 325620 Toilet Preparation Manufacturing; 325320 Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing; 326113 Unsupported Plastics Film and Sheet Manufacturing; 326199 All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing; 339999 All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
SIC: 2841 Soap & Other Detergents; 2842 Polishes & Sanitation Goods; 2843 Surface Active Agents; 2844 Toilet Preparations; 2879 Agricultural Chemicals Nec; 3081 Unsupported Plastics Film & Sheet; 3999 Manufacturing Industries Nec
S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc., is one of the largest family-owned and family-managed companies in the United States and a leading manufacturer of household cleaning, personal care, air care, pest-control, and home-storage products. Long known colloquially as S.C. Johnson Wax (or simply Johnson Wax), its well-known products include Pledge furniture polish, Windex glass and surface cleaners, Vanish bathroom cleaners, Raid insecticides, Off! insect repellents, Glade air fresheners, Ziploc storage bags and containers, Saran plastic wrap, and Edge shaving gel. Johnson was founded in 1886 as a parquet flooring company and became one of the first U.S. corporations to expand worldwide, entering Great Britain in 1914. Johnson's strength is its ability to develop and market new products, which it sells in more than 110 countries. The company is still in family hands after more than a century.
Parquet Flooring Business Leads to Johnson Wax
In 1882 Samuel Curtis Johnson began selling parquet flooring made by the Racine Hardware Company in Racine, Wisconsin. Four years later, Johnson purchased the flooring business from the hardware company. The new organization had four employees and showed a first-year profit of less than $300.
Johnson's parquet customers often asked him about caring for their new floors. At that time shellac was used for that purpose, but it tended to build up and peel off. Johnson created a product called Johnson's Prepared Wax to sell along with his flooring. The concept was borrowed from the European use of wax to care for old wooden floors. It was very successful, and Johnson began selling it even to people who had not bought his flooring. National advertising of this product begin in 1888 with an ad in the Saturday Evening Post.
Samuel's son, Herbert F. Johnson, Sr., joined the firm in 1892, beginning a more than century-long tradition of family involvement in the business. By the following year the company was experimenting with products such as wood dye, crack filler, and car wax. When the car wax proved to be popular, Johnson made a radiator cleaner. He was forced to buy back 900 Model T Ford radiators that were dissolved by the insufficiently tested product. This setback provided a valuable experience. Johnson Wax has given priority to top-rate research teams and chemists ever since.
As simple maple and oak flooring replaced the intricate parquet floors in the late 1800s, the company's diversification paid off. In 1898 sales of the floor wax and other woodcare products exceeded Johnson's flooring sales. Floor wax became Johnson's major product.
The company changed its formal name to S.C. Johnson & Son in 1906, when Herbert F. Johnson, Sr., became a partner. While continuing to add to their product line--Floor Renewer, Under-Lac, and Flat Color Finish--the company expanded overseas in 1914, when the British Johnson company was established. The company opened in Australia in 1917. Johnson discontinued the manufacture of parquet flooring, and the last shipment of it was made in 1917. Johnson concentrated on wax products and preservation products for cars, such as Hastee Patch and Self-Vulcanizer. S. C. Johnson died in 1919, and his son succeeded him as president. The three keys to Johnson Wax's continued success had been established: international operations, chemical technology, and the use of advertising.
During this time, the company's innovations as an employer were also notable: it was one of the first U.S. companies to give paid vacations, a policy begun in 1900. With its 200 employees in 1917, S.C. Johnson Wax began one of the first profit-sharing programs in the country; the program in 1990 was the fifth oldest. It started offering group life insurance for employees also in 1917. In 1920 the Canadian Johnson company was formed. Throughout this decade, product offerings expanded, including enamel paints, carbon remover, weighted brushes for painters, and Kleen Floor and Restorer.
Depression-Era Power Struggle
Herbert F. Johnson, Jr., became president after his father's death in 1928, at which time sales had reached $5 million and the company had 500 employees. Over the next several years, however, Johnson had to fight for control of the company. His father had died without leaving a will, which led to a power struggle between Johnson, Jr., and his sister, Henrietta Johnson Louis. Lawyers spent more than a decade sorting out the ownership issue. Eventually, in 1939, the sides reached an agreement whereby Johnson, Jr., retained management control and the majority of the company's shares. The initial split of shares was two-thirds for Johnson, Jr., and one-third for Henrietta Louis. In subsequent decades (and generations) this division of shares between the two branches of the founding family held, although in the late 1940s about 10 percent of the firm's value was set aside for management equity shares. This left the Johnson family with a stake of approximately 60 percent and the Louis family with around 30 percent. The Louis family had no subsequent role in managing the company, although it was allocated one seat on the S.C. Johnson & Son board of directors.
In the meanwhile, the French Johnson company opened in 1931, the same year in which sales began of one of Johnson Wax's longest-selling products, Glo-Coat Floor Finish. The product involved a colloid technology developed at Johnson Wax that freed it of the need for resins that caused yellowing. Glo-Coat became one of the most successful floor-care products of all time. In 1932 S.C. Johnson & Son was incorporated. The company's pension plan was initiated two years later, and product innovations continued. The most notable event of the decade, however, was the 1939 unveiling of the company's new office building, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. An accomplishment in any era, it was particularly stirring at the close of the Great Depression, which Johnson weathered without laying off any employees even though sales had fallen 40 percent by 1933, to less than $3 million. The Racine building continues to be headquarters for the company. In the early 21st century the company was still giving 5 percent of its pretax profits to charity, a tradition begun with the founder, who gave 10 percent of his annual income to civic improvements.
By 1942 the company was concentrating its output on products for the war effort, while many employees were called upon to serve. Its contribution during World War II was marked by army and navy production awards. A Research & Development Tower was opened in 1950. The Lighthouse Resort for employees and retirees was unveiled in northern Wisconsin the following year.
Postwar New Product Introductions
The West German Johnson company was established in 1953. Samuel C. Johnson, great-grandson of the founder, joined the company in 1954. He headed the new products department that was created the following year. Not long after, Sam Johnson produced his first new product within that division, an aerosol insecticide. His father, Herbert F. Johnson, Jr., sent him back to the lab, claiming the insecticide was no different from others on the market. In 1956 Sam Johnson came forward with Raid House & Garden Bug Killer; water-based, it was the first product that could be used on plants and in the home without killing the plants. Raid would become one of Johnson Wax's most profitable lines. Along with this breakthrough came Glade Air Fresheners, introduced the same year; they featured advanced technology in aerosol manufacturing. Insecticide products continued with Off!, an insect repellent first sold in 1957. Another very successful product, Pledge furniture polish, came out in 1958. By 1960 these four products accounted for 35 percent of S.C. Johnson's U.S. sales. Herbert F. Johnson, Jr., became company chairman in 1958, and the presidency was assumed by the first nonfamily member, H. M. Packard.
In 1959 S.C. Johnson Wax established a presence in Italy, and this marked the start of a decade of international expansion: Chile, Switzerland, Sweden, and South Africa in 1961; Belgium, Japan, and the Netherlands in 1962; Norway, Austria, Spain, and Ghana in 1964; and Denmark, east Africa, Greece, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Thailand by 1968. Establishing an international base allowed Johnson Wax to manufacture its products from local materials for local markets; exporting the products would not have been profitable. In 1966 Packard became chairman, while Sam Johnson took over the company leadership as president; Johnson became chairman as well one year later.
Johnson Wax entered the personal care product market in 1970, with the introduction of Edge, a shaving gel, which also went on to become a company mainstay. Penetrating eight more countries by 1972, the company recognized the need to slow its innovations in order to deal with its own growth. Johnson Diversified, Inc. (JDI), a wholly owned subsidiary, was formed in 1970. JDI began acquiring highly diversified companies, many of them recreational equipment manufacturers. In the early 1970s, 15 companies, ranging from Eureka Tent & Awning Company to Under Sea Industries, were acquired. William K. Eastham was elected president of S.C. Johnson & Son in 1972. Three years later the company eliminated chlorofluorocarbons, which had been linked to ozone layer damage, from its aerosol products worldwide; the move came three years before the U.S. government mandated their removal.
Gas prices and related mid-1970s economic circumstances made the company's diversification into recreational equipment costly. Five of the weaker companies were sold. During this time, there was a notable slowdown in the introduction of new products while Johnson Wax adjusted to its size and variety. JDI changed its name to Johnson Worldwide Associates (JWA) in 1977. After H. F. Johnson, Jr., died in 1978, Sam Johnson took a sabbatical from his post as chairman and CEO in order to settle his father's estate; Eastham served as CEO in the interim. The company entered Egypt, Taiwan, and the Dominican Republic in 1979, but the decade was closing with lost momentum. Johnson Wax had introduced Agree conditioner and shampoo in 1977 and 1978. During that time, sales increased (to $1 billion by 1978) while profits declined. All consumer packaged goods were seeing sluggish then, and Johnson Wax had acquisitions and overseas expansions sapping profits in addition. While foreign markets accounted for 60 percent of the company's sales for a period during the late 1970s, the recession-affected U.S. dollar undercut this portion of earnings, and the company was faced with a call to change in the early 1980s.
Restructuring
Raymond F. Farley became president in 1980, the same year Sam Johnson resumed the CEO seat and began instituting needed reforms. In 1982 Johnson imposed a one-year wage freeze. It was the first time in 20 years that a wage freeze had been instituted without governmental exigency. He reduced the company's U.S. workforce by 3 percent with early retirement programs, then increased the research and marketing staffs. The company was restructured into four enterprise units: personal care, insecticides, home care, and commercial products. Units were organized to speed up the time between product idea and introduction, and new products were pouring forth by the mid-1980s. The advertising budget was nearly 70 percent higher in 1984 than in 1979, the research and development budget increased by 40 percent, and product price increases were reduced. Building on its consumer pest control products, S.C. Johnson & Son entered the market for commercial pest control in 1986 with the purchase of Bugs Burger Bug Killers.
The following year, JWA was spun off from S.C. Johnson & Son and purchased by the Johnson family through a leveraged buyout. Then, one week before the October 1987 stock market plunge, JWA was taken public. Sam Johnson called this move "going public to stay private," because the offering created liquid assets needed for potential estate taxes, thus protecting the company's assets and its private status. At the time the Johnson and Louis families owned 90 percent of Johnson Wax, with employees holding the other 10 percent. JWA was selling $250 million annually in the late 1980s, mostly fishing and other recreational gear, as well as ink-stamping equipment. JWA was the nation's largest producer of electric fishing-boat motors and a major seller of reels and lures. Sales at S.C. Johnson & Son, meantime, passed the $2 billion mark in 1987.
In late 1988, Farley became the second nonfamily member in Johnson's history to serve as CEO. S. C. Johnson remained chairman. All four of his children were then involved with the company, with his eldest son, S. Curtis Johnson III, heading a venture-capital unit he induced his father to bankroll in 1983.
Tremendous Growth
In January 1990 Farley retired and was succeeded by Richard M. Carpenter as president and CEO. The 1990s were marked by a number of acquisitions and divestments, along with continued new product introductions and overseas expansion. In 1990 the company joined with a Ukrainian household production association to form S.C. Johnson Kiev Corporation, initially 80 percent owned by S.C. Johnson & Son but wholly owned by 1994. Although it got off to a rocky start, this venture reached profitability in 1995 after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of Ukraine as a sovereign nation. S.C. Johnson & Son found success making and marketing such products as Brillo dish detergent, Pronto furniture polish, and Duck toilet cleaner. Also in 1990 came the introduction of another successful new product, Glade Plug Ins, long-lasting fragrance dispensers which are plugged into electrical outlets; the product quickly gained the top position in the continuous-action air freshener category.
In late 1992 Carpenter retired and William D. George, Jr., who had headed the worldwide consumer products division, was appointed president and CEO. In January 1993 S.C. Johnson & Son acquired Drackett Company from Bristol-Myers Squibb Company for $1.15 billion, a sum ten times larger than any previous company acquisition. Brands acquired therein included three that were either number one or two in their segment--Windex glass cleaner, Drano drain opener, and Vanish toilet bowl cleaner. Other brands gained included O-Cedar brooms and mops and Mr. Muscle hard-surface cleaners. The purchase bolstered the company's presence in household cleaners, which had received a boost in 1992 from the debut of Toilet Duck and Bathroom Duck spray cleaners. It also, however, brought S.C. Johnson & Son into more direct competition with household cleaning giants Procter & Gamble Company and Clorox Company. Johnson Wax subsequently beefed up its global advertising budget, which by 1994 stood at about $500 million, or 14 percent of the company's $3.6 billion in revenues.
For antitrust reasons, S.C. Johnson & Son had to divest three Drackett brands within sectors in which the company was very strong: Endust cleaning sprays, Behold furniture polish, and Renuzit air fresheners. A further divestment came in 1993 after the company decided to sell the bulk of its shampoo and lotion lines. In August of that year the Agree and Halsa brands were sold to Dep Corporation for $45 million. Less than a year later Dep sued S.C. Johnson & Son, charging it with changing its marketing of the two brands before the deal was closed, withholding sales information, and making false representations to Dep prior to the acquisition; Dep sought recision of the deal plus $75 million in damages. The two sides reached an out-of-court settlement in early 1997, with S.C. Johnson agreeing to make a $2.5 million payment to Dep. Also in 1997, William D. Perez was promoted from head of the worldwide consumer products division to president and CEO of S.C. Johnson & Son.
In January 1998 Johnson Wax completed its second major acquisition of the decade when it purchased the DowBrands unit from the Dow Chemical Company for $1.13 billion. Added to the S.C. Johnson product portfolio were Ziploc plastic bags, Saran Wrap plastic wrap, and Fantastik cleaners. As with the Drackett acquisition, S.C. Johnson had to divest several acquired brands to gain antitrust muster, including Spray 'N Wash laundry-stain remover (Johnson had already sold the Shout brand in this product category) and Glass Plus glass cleaner. The company also sold off the Yes laundry detergent and Vivid color-safe bleach lines. The acquisition of DowBrands brought an immediate 20 percent increase to company revenues, which grew from $4 billion in 1998 to more than $5 billion in 1999. Meantime, in February 1999, S.C. Johnson made a further withdrawal from the personal care sector through the sale of its dermatological skin-care business, which was primarily made up of the Aveeno brand, to Johnson & Johnson for an undisclosed amount. S.C. Johnson had thus largely reduced its personal care line to the shaving sector, where the Edge for men and Skintimate for women brands were sector leaders.
By the late 1990s S.C. Johnson & Son was a broadly based consumer products giant, and this position was echoed in the company's decision in late 1998 to alter its logo and ads to say "S.C. Johnson--A Family Company" rather than "S.C. Johnson Wax," since wax products were only a small part of the business. With its new image, S.C. Johnson entered the 21st century as an aggressively expanding firm, strongly committed to research and development and willing to pursue blockbuster acquisitions.
Early 21st Century: the Fifth Generation of Family Leadership
The company also remained firmly controlled by the Johnson family, and Sam Johnson, as chairman, took great pains to ensure that the company would rest in family hands into the fifth generation of family leadership. To satisfy the desires of three of his children to run a family enterprise, and avoid the internecine struggle that had befallen the third generation, Johnson engineered over the course of many years a division of the business into three parts and eventually placed one of the siblings in charge of each business. One of these pieces was Johnson Worldwide Associates, which had already been spun off from S.C. Johnson & Son. In early 1999 Helen Johnson-Leipold, one of Sam Johnson's two daughters, resigned her post as vice-president of personal and home care products at S.C. Johnson in order to become chairman and CEO of the publicly held JWA. One year later, this company was renamed Johnson Outdoors Inc. to better reflect its focus on recreational products.
Meanwhile, as of 1999, two sons of Sam Johnson held high posts at S.C. Johnson: S. Curtis (Curt) Johnson, chairman of commercial markets, and H. Fisk Johnson, president of consumer products. In the fall of 1999 Sam Johnson carved out the commercial side of the business into a separate firm called S.C. Johnson Commercial Markets, Inc., a $1 billion enterprise with a private ownership profile similar to that of S.C. Johnson & Son. Curt Johnson was placed in charge of this business, which included two divisions: Johnson Wax Professional, provider of cleaning products to commercial businesses and institutions, and Johnson Polymer, producer of polymers for the printing, packaging, coating, and adhesives industries. In May 2002 this company acquired DiverseyLever, Inc., an institutional and industrial cleaning and sanitation business, from Unilever, leading to the creation of JohnsonDiversey, Inc. Unilever gained a 33 percent stake in JohnsonDiversey as part of the deal, with the remaining shares held by the Johnson and Louis families.
Back at the largest of the family enterprises, the flagship S.C. Johnson & Son, which was fully focused on consumer household products, the last step of Sam Johnson's complicated plan of succession occurred. In October 2000 Sam Johnson was named chairman emeritus, with Fisk Johnson succeeding him as chairman of the board, bringing an official beginning to the fifth generation of family leadership at the company; Perez remained the firm's president and CEO. Sam Johnson's other child, daughter Winnie Johnson-Marquart, who at one time worked part time in public affairs at S.C. Johnson & Son, was eventually named president of the family's charitable foundation, the Johnson Family Foundation. In May 2004 Sam Johnson died at age 76, having successfully guided the family business into its next generation of leadership.
New product development efforts were a hit-and-miss affair in the early years of Fisk Johnson's tenure. In early 2000 S.C. Johnson asked retailers to pull its AllerCare line of allergen control products from store shelves after some users of the products suffered adverse reactions, apparently from the items' fragrance additive. The products, designed to control dust mites, had been in national distribution for only four months. Another misfire was Ziploc TableTops, a line of "semipermanent" plastic dishware that debuted in the spring of 2002 but was pulled off the market the following year despite a $65 million ad campaign that ranked as one of the largest in company history. Some of the difficulties during this period could be traced to a slowness in getting products to market. For example, the company in 2004 had to pull the plug on its Pledge Grab-It Go-Mop, the failure of which stemmed from its being the third entry in the burgeoning category of bucketless wet mops. At the same time, two of S.C. Johnson's key competitors, Procter & Gamble and Clorox, teamed up to develop Glad Press 'n Seal plastic wrap, which became a big hit with consumers and propelled Glad past S.C. Johnson's Saran brand to first place in the plastic wrap category.
On a more positive note, S.C. Johnson in 2002 successfully launched Oust, an air "sanitizer" touted for its ability to kill odor-causing bacteria in the air without leaving a lingering fragrance. Early the following year, the company completed another major acquisition, purchasing the household insecticides business of Bayer AG for EUR 725 million ($734 million). S.C. Johnson gained the worldwide rights to the Baygon and Autan lines of insecticides and repellants, which were leading brands in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Late in 2004, Perez left S.C. Johnson to take over the reins at athletic shoe giant NIKE, Inc. Fisk Johnson subsequently took on the additional duty of company CEO. By 2006 revenue had reached $7 billion, aided by the successful introduction of Scrubbing Bubbles Automatic Shower Cleaner, a cleaning system that at the push of a button automatically sprayed a shower with cleaner to eliminate the buildup of soap scum, mold, and mildew. S.C. Johnson & Son remained under pressure to develop more of this type of innovative product within a heightened competitive environment rife with challenges from such players as Procter & Gamble, Clorox, and Reckitt Benckiser plc.
Principal Subsidiaries
S.C. Johnson & Son, Limited (Canada); S.C. Johnson de Centroamerica S.A. (Costa Rica); Ceras Johnson, S.A. de C.V. (Mexico); S.C. Johnson de Puerto Rico, Inc.; S.C. Johnson & Son de Argentina S.A.I.C.; Ceras Johnson Limitada (Brazil); Quimica S.C. Johnson & Son Chilena S.A.C.I. (Chile); S.C. Johnson & Son Colombiana S.A. (Colombia); Johnsonwax del Ecuador S.A.; S.C. Johnson & Son Del Peru S.A.; S.C. Johnson Uruguay; S.C. Johnson & Son de Venezuela C.A.; S.C. Johnson Wax Benelux N.V./S.A. (Belgium); S.C. Johnson Company Limited (Cyprus); S.C. Johnson s.r.o. (Czech Republic); La Johnson Francaise S.A. (France); Johnson Wax GmbH (Germany); S.C. Johnson Hellas S.A. (Greece); S.C. Johnson Kft. (Hungary); Johnson Wax S.p.A. (Italy); S.C. Johnson Benelux N.V. (Netherlands); Norsk Johnson's Wax A/S (Norway); SC Johnson Sp. z.o.o. (Poland); Johnson's Wax De Portugal, Lda.; SC Johnson (Romania); SC Johnson Russia; S.C. Johnson s.r.o. (Slovakia); Johnson's Wax Española, S.A. (Spain); SC Johnson Scandinavia AB (Sweden); SC Johnson A.G. (Switzerland); Johnson Wax A.S. (Turkey); S.C. Johnson Kiev Corporation (Ukraine); SC Johnson Wax (U.K.); Johnson Wax (East Africa) Ltd. (Kenya); Johnson Wax (Egypt) Co.; S.C. Johnson Wax Ltd. (Ghana); Johnson Wax Nigeria Limited; Saudi Johnson Co. Ltd. (Saudi Arabia); S.C. Johnson & Son of South Africa; Shanghai Johnson Ltd. (China); S.C. Johnson Ltd. (Hong Kong); Lever-Johnson PVT. LTD. (India); P.T. S.C. Johnson & Son (Indonesia); Johnson Co., Ltd. (Japan); Korea Johnson Co., Ltd.; Scientific-Chem Jobs Sdn. Bhd. (Malaysia); S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. (Philippines); S.C. Johnson & Son Pte. Limited (Singapore); S.C. Johnson & Son Taiwan, Ltd.; S.C. Johnson & Son, Ltd. (Thailand); S.C. Johnson & Son (Vietnam); S.C. Johnson & Son Pty. Ltd. (Australia); Johnson Wax New Zealand Limited.
Principal Competitors
The Procter & Gamble Company; The Clorox Company; Reckitt Benckiser plc; Unilever; Colgate-Palmolive Company; Church & Dwight Co., Inc.; Henkel KGaA.
Further Reading
"Agree and Halsa Continue to Cause Problems for Dep Corporation," Cosmetics International, February 25, 1996, pp. 13+.
Barboza, David, "At Johnson Wax, a Family Hands Down Its Heirloom: Father Divides a Business to Keep the Children United," New York Times, August 22, 1999, pp. BU1, BU12-BU13.
------, "S.C. Johnson Patriarch Promotes the Value of Companies That Are Owned by Families," New York Times, November 13, 2001, p. C4.
Benady, Alex, "Johnson Spend Is Biggest Ever," Marketing, November 4, 1993, p. 16.
Bittar, Christine, "S.C. Johnson Comes Clean," Brandweek, October 20, 2003, p. 4.
Carrington, Tim, "Ukraine's Women Love These Two Firms," Wall Street Journal, February 6, 1992, p. A10.
Content, Thomas, "Johnson Boss to Fill Big Shoes at Nike," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 19, 2004.
"Dep Files Suit Against Johnson, Company Rumoured to Be Maybelline Target," Cosmetics International, March 25, 1994, pp. 1+.
Deveny, Kathleen, "As More Americans Declare War on Dirt, Cleaning-Product Firms Make Tidy Sums," Wall Street Journal, April 6, 1993, p. B1.
Dries, Mike, "S.C. Johnson to Build Warehouse, Distribution Center," Business Journal- Milwaukee, December 5, 1997, pp. 1+.
Ellis, James, "Sam Johnson Is 'Going Public to Stay Private,'" Business Week, December 5, 1988.
Fitzgerald, Kate, "How Johnson Will Gain with Drackett," Advertising Age, November 2, 1992, p. 13.
Gibson, Richard, "Bristol-Myers to Sell Drackett to S.C. Johnson: Wisconsin Firm Boosts Line of Household Products with $1.15 Billion Pact," Wall Street Journal, October 28, 1992, p. A3.
Hajewski, Doris, "Johnson Passes Company to Son: Fifth Generation Assumes Top Job at S.C. Johnson," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, October 17, 2000, p. 15D.
------, "S.C. Johnson to Cut Jobs in Global Push," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 12, 1999.
Hajewski, Doris, and Jennie Tunkieicz, "Johnson to Run Family Company," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 19, 2004.
Henkoff, Ronald, "When to Take on the Giants," Fortune, May 30, 1994, pp. 111+.
Johnson, Samuel C., The Essence of a Family Enterprise: Doing Business the Johnson Way, Indianapolis: Curtis Publishing, 1988, 179 p.
Johnson Wax Magazine: 100th Anniversary Issue, 1886-1986, Racine, Wis.: S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc., 1986, 65 p.
Kaminski, Matthew, "Waiting Game Paying Off in Ukraine," Financial Times, July 25, 1995, p. 19.
Kueny, Barbara, "Johnson Wax Faces Variety of Challenges in 1990s," Business Journal-Milwaukee, May 28, 1990, p. X30.
McMenamin, Brigid, "Eroding Patent Rights," Forbes, October 24, 1994, p. 92.
Moss, Michael, "No One's Fall Guy, Johnson Wax Expert Barely Ever Slips," Wall Street Journal, August 7, 1996, p. A1.
Napolitano, Jo, "S. C. Johnson, 76, Dies; Guided Family Wax Company," New York Times, May 24, 2004, p. B7.
Neff, Jack, "New Products Boosting Johnson, Categories," Advertising Age, September 15, 1997, p. 76.
------, "Post-Perez: S.C. Johnson Faces a Clean-Up Job," Advertising Age, November 29, 2004, p. 8.
------, "S.C. Johnson Stumbles with AllerCare Introduction," Advertising Age, February 21, 2000, p. 22.
Pierce, Lisa McTigue, "Line Plugs New Product into Top Spot," Packaging (Boston), March 1991, pp. 40+.
Schellhardt, Timothy D., "Race-Bias Suit at S.C. Johnson Raises Some Worker-Team Issues," Wall Street Journal, February 13, 1997, p. B7.
------, "This Office Building Is a Work of Art, Unless It's Raining," Wall Street Journal, February 18, 1997, p. A1.
Silvers, Amy Rabideau, "Titan, and Foremost, a Citizen: Samuel C. Johnson, 1928-2004," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 23, 2004, p. 1A.
Tannenbaum, Jeffrey A., "Waxing Personal: Alcoholism, Anxieties--S.C. Johnson Patriarch Tells All in His Movie," Wall Street Journal, May 7, 2001, p. A1.
"Trying to Bring Out the Old Shine at Johnson Wax," Business Week, August 13, 1984, pp. 138+.
Walsh, Kerri, "S.C. Johnson to Buy Bayer's Household Insecticides," Chemical Week, October 23, 2002, p. 9.
Warren, Susan, "S.C. Johnson Seals Deal to Buy Ziploc and Other Brands from Dow Chemical," Wall Street Journal, October 29, 1997, p. A4.
Zsolnay, Carol Adler, and John L. Ward, "Succession at Johnson Family Enterprises," case discussion at the Family Business Invitational Conference, Evanston, Ill., May 1-2, 2002, http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/research/family/images/conference2002.pdf.
— Carol I. Keeley; Updated by David E. Salamie
