sabbat

Witches' Sabbath.

[French, Sabbath, sabbat, from Old French, Sabbath. See Sabbath.]

In modern Neo-Paganism, the sabbats are the eight great festivals of the sacred year. The sabbats follow the ancient festival days that were common throughout Europe, though different cultures poured variant meanings into their celebrations. Over the centuries, as Christianity became the dominant form in the West, ancient pagan worship sites were replaced with churches and the festival days integrated into the Christian liturgical calendar. Many of these older pagan festivals survived in secularized form and many of the practices were reinterpreted by Christians, especially the Yule (winter solstice) practices that became part of the celebration of Christmas.

The eight sabbats are defined by the principal points in the changing relationship of the Sun and the Earth over the year. These points are measured by the easily observable point of the sun's daily emergence on the eastern horizon. Through the spring, as the days grow longer, the sun appears to rise at a point slightly further north each day and then as the days reach their longest, it appears to pause and then start moving south. As the shortest day of the year is reached, it again pauses and starts north. The points of the pauses (the solstices), and half way between them, when the length of the day and night are equal (the equinoxes, formed four easily marked points in the years. They, and the four additional points halfway between them that mark points in the planting and harvest process, became the eight evenly spaced holidays of the ancient world.

During the Middle Ages, the ancient Pagan practices were invoked to supply content with the new understanding of Witchcraft as Satanism advocated by the Inquisition. The sabbats were identified as a time for Witches to gather to worship His Infernal Majesty. That mythology survived in the secularized celebration of Halloween.

In the 1950s, Gerald B. Gardner introduced his modern reconstruction of Witchcraft which drew on ancient Pagan practices mixed with elements of Asian beliefs and practices. It was a nature oriented religion in which the worship of the Goddess was central. Integral to the new Witchcraft were the ancient eight festivals that became times of gathering for the emerging Pagan community. In the Wiccan faith, the years begin on the evening of October 31, Samhein. This day culminated the harvest season, and heralds the coming of winter, a period of waiting until the planting can begin a new food production cycle. It is also a night in which the veil between the living and the dead is thin and communication with spirits is facilitated. It is a time to remember the dead and complete relationships with them.

Seven other sabbats follow:

Yule (December 21)
Imbolc or Candlemas (Feb 1)
Spring equinox
Beltane (May 1)
Summer solstice Lamas (August 1)
Fall Equinox

These festivals marked important events in agricultural communities, though most modern Pagans are urban dwellers. In the rituals, while some recognition of their past significance is still noted, the sabbats have been reinterpreted as occasions for personal magic and reformation and the veneration of the deities.

As distinct from the eight major Sabbats, witchcraft covens also hold a bi-monthly esbat at each new and full moon. These are the coven's regular meetings for its ongoing magical work and group worship.

Sources:

Ravenwolf, Silver. To Ride a Silver Broomstick: New Generation Witchcraft. St. Paul, Minn.: Llewellyn Publications, 1995.

Valiente, Doreen. The ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973.

The noun has one meaning:

Meaning #1: a midnight meeting of witches to practice witchcraft and sorcery; in the Middle Ages it was supposed to be a demonic orgy
  Synonym: witches' Sabbath

The Sabbat is the major grouping of vampires opposing the interclan organization known as the Camarilla in the role-playing game Vampire: The Masquerade and the related card game, Vampire: The Eternal Struggle. According to the game's mythology, the Camarilla was formed in 1486 by a coalition of vampire clans reacting to the Inquisition and to the rebellion of the younger vampires called Anarchs. Several of the clans stayed out of the new organization, most prominently, the Lasomba centered on the Iberian Peninsula, and the Tzimisce who had held sway in the southern Balkans. The Lasomba in particular had been old enemies of the clan the Ventrue who had assumed a leadership role in creating the Camarilla and saw the joining as an act of submission that took from the other clans some of their essential vampire nature.

On the edge of the Camarilla are the Malkavian. These slightly crazy vampires were talked into joining the Camarilla by two of their leaders, Unmada and Vasantasena (a princess in her mortal life). Vasantasena, however, was negatively affected by several of the actions of the Camarilla. She opposed the blood bonding, in which a vampire becomes subservient to another, forced upon the Anarchs, and the treaty in which the members of the Assamite clan had the ability to drink blood from other vampires. On the night that the Assamites were stripped of their power, she freed a group of captured Anarchs and led them to join with the Lasomba and Tzimisce survivors to form the Sabbat. Her information on the working of the Camarilla allowed the far smaller Sabbat to survive during its formative years.

Today, the Sabbat is dominated by the Lasomba. It has control of much of North America (the cities in the northeastern states and the provinces of eastern Canada), and Mexico City. It values the traditional forms of vampire life and opposes attempts to compromise with mortals. It rules by physical force and fear, and demands strict loyalty from its members. Many of the traitors from other clans, like Vasantesana before them, attach themselves to the Sabbat. Members of the Sabbat are organized into packs who feed and travel together and have intense group bonds.

New vampires destined for membership in the Sabbat are transformed into a vampire by a slow and painful process. Included in the procedure is burial alive, during which the new vampire must claw his or her way out of the ground. The burial is designed to strip attachment from the formerly human life and bond individuals to the particular group of the Sabbat who created them.

Greenberg, Dan. Who's Who Among Vampires: Children of the Inquisition. Stone Mountain, GA: White Wolf Game Studio, 1992. 70 pp.
Rein-Hagen, Mark et al. Book of the Damned. Stone Mountain, GA: White Wolf Game Studio, 1993. 144 pp.