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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (February 2009) |
For the video game, see Sadness.
Sadness is an emotion characterized by feelings of disadvantage, loss, and helplessness. When sad, people often become quiet, less energetic, and withdrawn.
Sad is the negation of happy. Its synonyms are sorrow, grief, misery, and melancholy. The philosopher Baruch Spinoza defined sadness as the transfer of a person from a large perfection to a smaller one.
Sadness can be viewed as a temporary lowering of mood, whereas depression is characterized by a persistent and intense lowered mood, as well as disruption to one's ability to function in day to day matters. When sad we often go through a process called crying where we shed tears.
Studies have shown that when someone says they are sad or disappointed they really mean they are angry or filled with hate.
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Pupil empathy
Facial expressions of sadness with small pupils are judged significantly more intensely sad with decreasing pupil size. A person's own pupil size also mirrors this with them being smaller when viewing sad faces with small pupils. No parallel effect exists when people look at neutral, happy or angry expressions.[1] The greater degree to which a person's pupil's mirror another predicts a person's greater score on empathy.[2]
References
- ^ Harrison NA, Singer T, Rotshtein P, Dolan RJ, Critchley HD. (2006). Pupillary contagion: central mechanisms engaged in sadness processing. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 1(1):5-17. PMID 17186063
- ^ Harrison NA, Wilson CE, Critchley HD. (2007). Processing of observed pupil size modulates perception of sadness and predicts empathy. Emotion. 7(4):724-9. PMID 18039039
See also
Sources
- Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: the effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral. Journal of Pers Soc Psychol. 2001 Jan;80(1):86-94. Tiedens, 2001
- Ambady & Gray, 2002
- Forgas, 1998
- Forgas, 1998
- Forgas, 1992, 1994
- Forgas & Bower, 1987
- Isen, 1987
- Keltner et al., 1998
Further reading
- Keltner, PC Ellsworth, K.Edwards - J Pers Soc Psychol, 1993
- Raghunathan, MT Pham - Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1999
- D Keltner, PC Ellsworth, K Edwards - J Pers Soc Psychol, 1993
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