Saint-Porchaire ware is the earliest very high quality French pottery[citation needed]. It is white faience ware that was made for a restricted French clientele from the 1520s to the 1540s. Only about sixty pieces of this ware survive,[1] all of them well known before World War II. None have turned up in the last half-century. When collectors first noticed this ware in the nineteenth century, the tradition of where it had been made had been lost, and it was only known as Henri II ware,[2] for some pieces bore the king's monogram;. Its style clearly showed the influence of the Fontainebleau School of Mannerist decor, which introduced the Italian Renaissance to France. In 1898 Edmond Bonaffé linked its source for the first time to the village of Saint-Porchaire, Poitou. He noted that in 1552 Charles Estienne had spoken of the beauty of the Saint-Porchaire ware, and that in 1566 a local poet had praised it in a poem.
The production of Saint-Porchaire ware was labour-intensive, and in overall decorative design, no two pieces are alike. The basic clay shapes were thrown on the wheel and perhaps refined on the lathe or were assembled from shaped slabs of clay. Mould-formed sculptural decoration was applied with slip to make relief masks, festoons, and the like. Additionally, hand-modelled figures might serve as handles for ewers. Banding and fields of fine geometrical decoration or rinceaux were made by repeatedly impressing metal dies into the leather-hard body; after further drying the impressions were filled with dark brown, rust red or ochre yellow clay slip that was rubbed off the surface to give an inlay with a discreet range of colors. Further touches of colored slip, such as a spinach green, were applied.
The surface was then covered with a lead glaze that fired to give a slightly golden transparency. Salt cellars, standing cups with covers, plateaux, ewers, and candlesticks, often in distinctive bizarre and fantastic designs derived from Mannerist silver- and goldsmiths' work, are the usual forms of Saint-Porchaire wares. Many armorials on Saint-Porchaire wares show that its clients were from the nobility,[3] and religious institutions, in addition to wares that bear the royal arms.
Recent findings suggest Bernard Palissy may have employed some Saint-Porchaire techniques at his Paris workshop, 1565-72. Other than that, the experiment at Saint-Porchaire remained without direct influence in the development of French ceramics, which, apart from Palissy's experiments, started anew with increasingly fine faience in the later seventeenth century.
Museum collections with three or more pieces include: Louvre, Musée du Petit Palais Paris, National Ceramic Museum at Sévres, Victoria and Albert Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, National Gallery of Art Washington, Cleveland Institute of Art, & Hermitage Museum.[4]
See also
Notes
- ^ Wardropper, Ian. "Ceramics in the French Renaissance". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–
- ^ Faïence d'Oiron was another term in the trade, under the mistaken impression that the manufacture had been sited at Oiron in the département of Deux-Sèvres; some pieces of Saint-Porchaire ware had been conserved at the Château d'Oiron.
- ^ A ewer at the Louvre Museum bears the monogram G of Gilles de Montmorency-Laval.
- ^ Wilson, 247, note 1
References
- Wilson, Timothy H.; NGA Washington Western Decorative Arts: Medieval, Renaissance, and historicizing styles, including metalwork, enamels, and ceramics, National Gallery of Art (U.S.), Oxford University Press US, 1993, ISBN 0521470684, 9780521470681
- "The Rarest Faience In The World"
- (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Saint-Porchaire ewer
- (National Gallery of Art, Washington DC) Three pieces of Saint-Porchaire ware
- (Cleveland Museum of Art) Saint-Porchaire ware
- Edmond Bonaffé, Les Faiences de Saint-Porchaire (1898)
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