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The Road to Samarcand was created in 1954.

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The Road to Samarcand was created in 1954.

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The Road to Samarcand has 255 pages.

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Praise be to Allah, The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632-732), (Arabic: فتح‎, Fatah, literally opening,) also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab conquests, began after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He established a new unified political polity in the Arabian peninsula which under the subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion of Arab power well beyond the Arabian peninsula in the form of a vast Muslim Arab Empire with an area of influence that stretched from northwest India, across Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, southern Italy, and the Iberian Peninsula, to the Pyrenees. Edward Gibbon writes in History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: "Under the last of the Ommiades, the Arabian empire extended two hundred days' journey from east to west, from the confines of Tartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. And if we retrench the sleeve of the robe, as it is styled by their writers, the long and narrow province of march of a caravan. We should vainly seek the indissoluble union and easy obedience that pervaded the government of Augustus and the Antonines; but the progress of Islam diffused over this ample space a general resemblance of manners and opinions. The language and laws of the Qu'ran were studied with equal devotion at Samarcand and Seville: the Moor and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothers in the pilgrimage of Mecca; and the Arabian language was adopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to the westward of the Tigris." The Arab conquests brought about the collapse of the Sassanian Empire and a great territorial loss for the Byzantine Empire. Though spectacular, the Arab successes are not hard to understand in hindsight. The Sassanid Persian and Byzantine empires were militarily exhausted from decades of fighting one another. This prevented them from dealing effectively with the mobile Arab raiders operating from the desert. Moreover, many of the peoples living under the rule of these empires, for example Jews and Christians in Persia and Monophysites in Syria, were disloyal and sometimes even welcomed the Arab invaders, largely because of religious conflict in both empires. May this benefit you in the best way, May peace and blessings be upon are last prophet Muhammad.

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Under the last of the Umayyad , the Arabian empire extended two hundred days' journey from east to west, from the confines of Tartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean . And if we retrench the sleeve of the robe, as it is styled by their writers, the long and narrow province of march of a caravan . We should vainly seek the indissoluble union and easy obedience that pervaded the government of Augustus and the Antonines ; but the progress of Islam diffused over this ample space a general resemblance of manners and opinions. The language and laws of the Quran were studied with equal devotion at Samarcand and Seville : the Moor and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothers in the pilgrimage of Mecca ; and the Arabian language was adopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to the westward of the Tigris .

The Muslim conquests brought about the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and a great territorial loss for the Byzantine Empire . The reasons for the Muslim success are hard to reconstruct in hindsight, primarily because only fragmentary sources from the period have survived. Most historians agree that the Sassanid Persian and Byzantine Roman empires were militarily and economically exhausted from decades of fighting one another . The rapid fall of Visigothic Spain remains more mysterious however.

Jews and Christians in Persia and Jews and Monophysites in Syria were dissatisfied and sometimes even welcomed the Muslim forces, largely because of religious conflict in both empires.[2] In the case of Byzantine Egypt , Palestine and Syria , these lands had only a few years before been reacquired from the Persians, and had not been ruled by the Byzantines for over 25 years.

Fred McGraw Donner , however, suggests that formation of a state in the peninsula and ideological (i.e. religious) coherence and mobilization was a primary reason why the Muslim armies in the space of a hundred years were able to establish the largest pre-modern empire until that time. The estimates for the size of the Islamic Caliphate suggest it was more than thirteen million square kilometers (five million square miles), making it larger than all current states except the Russian Federation .[3]

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Robert E. Howard has written:

'El Valle Del Gusano/the Valley of the Worm'

'Lord of Samarcand and other adventure tales of the old Orient' -- subject(s): Adventure stories, American, American Adventure stories, Fiction, Social life and customs

'Tigers of the Sea (Cormac Mac Art)'

'Black Vulmea's vengeance & other tales of pirates' -- subject(s): Adventure stories, American, American Adventure stories, American Fantasy fiction, Fantasy fiction, American, Fiction, Pirates

'The Black Stranger and Other American Tales (The Works of Robert E. Howard)' -- subject(s): American Horror tales, American Fantasy fiction

'The sowers of the thunder' -- subject(s): English Short stories, Short stories, English, Fantasy fiction, American, American Fantasy fiction

'La casa de Arabu y otros relatos/ The House of Arabu (La Barca De Caronte)'

'The Complete Marvel Conan the Barbarian, Volume 1'

'Conan of the Isles'

'Conan the Adventurer'

'Conan #10 Avenger'

'Almuric' -- subject(s): Fiction in English

'The pool of the black one' -- subject(s): American Fantasy fiction, Conan (Fictitious character), Fantasy fiction, American, Fiction

'Eons of the Night (The Robert E. Howard Library, Volume V)' -- subject(s): American Fantasy fiction

'Conan El Cimmerio 2'

'The Road to Azrael'

'Conan of Cimmeria'

'Robert E. Howard's People Of The Dark (Weird Works/Robert E Howard 2)'

'The Best of Robert E. Howard, Volume 2' -- subject(s): Fantasy, Fiction, OverDrive

'Conan the usurper' -- subject(s): Fiction in English, Conan (Fictitious character), Fiction

'Robert E. Howard's Weird Works Volume 3'

'The Mists of Doom'

'Queen of the Black Coast'

'Lord of the dead' -- subject(s): American Detective and mystery stories, Detective and mystery stories, American

'Singers in the shadows'

'Kull' -- subject(s): Accessible book, American Fantasy fiction

'Howard Collector'

'Black colossus' -- subject(s): American Fantasy fiction, Conan (Fictitious character), Fantasy fiction, American, Fiction

'The Savage Tales of Solomon Kane' -- subject(s): Adventure stories, American, American Adventure stories, American Fantasy fiction, British, Fantasy fiction, American, Fiction, Puritans, Swordsmen

'The Valley of the Worm' -- subject(s): Fantasy, Fiction, Horror, Science Fiction & Fantasy, OverDrive

'Robert E. Howard's Red Nails'

'The Conan chronicles'

'Chronicles of Conan'

'Shadows of Dreams'

'Trails in Darkness (The Robert E. Howard Library, Volume VI)' -- subject(s): American Fantasy fiction

'Dear HPL' -- subject(s): American Authors, Authors, American, Authorship, Correspondence, Fantasy fiction

'Hour of the Dragon' -- subject(s): Conan (Fictitious character), Fiction

'Robert E. Howard's Weird Works Volume 7'

'Solomon Kane (The Robert E. Howard Library, Volume III)' -- subject(s): Vampires, Fiction

'The Best of Robert E. Howard Volume 1'

'Conan 07/Warrior'

'Conan the conqueror' -- subject(s): Fiction in English, Conan (Fictitious character), Fiction

'Conan the Barbarian' -- subject(s): American Fantasy fiction, Conan (Fictitious character), Fantasy fiction, American, Fiction

'The lost valley of Iskander' -- subject(s): American Fantasy fiction, Fantasy fiction, American

'Sword Woman and Other Historical Adventures'

'Echoes from an iron harp'

'The last cat book' -- subject(s): American Authors, Anecdotes, Authors, American, Biography, Cat owners, Cats

'Robert E. Howard's Weird Works Volume 4'

'Weird Legacies'

'Almuric'

'Conan' -- subject(s): English Short stories, Shortstories, English, Fantasy fiction, American, Fiction, Conan (Fictitious character), American Fantasy fiction, English Shortstories

'The Dark Man, and others' -- subject(s): Accessible book, Lending library, English Short stories, Horror tales, American, American Horror tales, Short stories, English

'Conan the Freebooter (#3)'

'Swords of Shahrazar' -- subject(s): American Fantasy fiction, Fantasy fiction, American, Fiction in English

'Conan Chronicles, The'

'Waterfront Fists and Others' -- subject(s): Boxing stories

'The iron man'

'Gods of the North'

'Robert E. Howard's Hour Of The Dragon'

'The Complete Marvel Conan the Barbarian, Volume 2'

'Conan the Warrior'

'Conan le barbare'

'De stem van El-lil'

'Skull-face' -- subject(s): Fantasy fiction, American, American Fantasy fiction

'Kull the Destroyer: From the Creator of Conan: By This Axe I Rule!'

'Robert E. Howard's Weird Works Volume 2'

'Conan the Warrior'

'The People of the Black Circle'

'The horror stories of Robert E. Howard' -- subject(s): American Horror tales, Horror tales, American

'Son of the White Wolf' -- subject(s): Adventure stories, American, American Adventure stories, American Fantasy fiction, Fantasy fiction, American

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