(botany) A large family of dicotyledonous plants in the order Scrophulariales, characterized by a usually herbaceous habit, irregular flowers, axile placentation, and dry, dehiscent fruit.
Scrophulariaceae
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(′skräf·yə′lar·ē′ās·ē′ē)
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Note: click on a word meaning below to see its connections and related words.
The noun has one meaning:
Meaning #1:
a family of dicotyledonous plants of the order Polemoniales; includes figwort and snapdragon and foxglove and toadflax and speedwell and mullein; in some classifications placed in the order Scrophulariales
Synonyms: family Scrophulariaceae, figwort family, foxglove family
| Wikipedia: Scrophulariaceae |
| Figwort family | |
|---|---|
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| Scrophularia nodosa | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Scrophulariaceae Juss. |
| Genera | |
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See text. |
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Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, is a family of flowering plants. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with flowers with bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L..
In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae but also several new families [1][2]. Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae sensu lato.
The family includes some medicinal plants, among them:
- Leptandra, black root, Culver's root
- Rehmannia, Chinese foxglove, used in Traditional Chinese medicine
- Scrophularia, figworts
- Verbascum, mulleins
Contents |
Genera
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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Tribe Aptosimeae
- Anticharis Endl.
- Aptosimum Burch. ex Benth.
- Peliostomum E. Mey. ex Benth.[3]
Tribe Buddlejeae
Tribe Hemimerideae
- Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav.
- Colpias E.Mey. ex Benth.
- Diascia Link & Otto
- Diclis Benth.
- Hemimeris L.f.
- Nemesia Vent.[5]
Tribe Leucophylleae
- Eremogeton Standl. & L.O.Williams
- Leucophyllum Humb. & Bonpl.[6]
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Tribe Limoselleae
- Barthlottia Eb.Fisch.
- Camptoloma Benth.
- Chaenostoma Benth. (sometimes included in Sutera but separated by Kornhall and Bremer[7])
- Chenopodiopsis Hilliard
- Cromidon Compton
- Dischisma Choisy
- Glekia Hilliard
- Globulariopsis Compton
- Glumicalyx Hiern
- Gosela Choisy
- Hebenstretia L
- Jamesbrittenia Kuntze[7]
- Limosella L. -> Plantaginaceae -> Scrophulariaceae (according to Oxelman et al. 2005)[8]
- Lyperia Benth.
- Manuleopsis Thell. ex Schinz
- Melanospermum Hilliard
- Microdon Choisy
- Phyllopodium Benth.
- Polycarena Benth.
- Reyemia Hilliard
- Selago L.
- Strobilopsis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
- Sutera Roth syn. Manulea Thun. - Dwarf Snapdragon, "Bacopa"
- Tetraselago Junell
- Trieenea Hilliard
- Zaluzianskya F.W.Schmidt[9]
Tribe Myoporeae
- Bontia L.
- Calamphoreus Chinnock
- Diocirea Chinnock
- Eremophila R.Br.
- Glycocystis Chinnock
- Myoporum Sol. ex G.Forst.
- Pentacoelium Siebold & Zucc.[10]
Tribe Scrophularieae
- Antherothamnus N.E.Br.
- Nathaliella B.Fedtsch.
- Oreosolen Hook.f.
- Scrophularia L. - Figwort
- Verbascum L. - Mullein[11]
Tribe Teedieae
- Dermatobotrys Bolus
- Freylinia Colla
- Oftia Adans.
- Ranopisoa J.F.Leroy
- Teedia Rudolphi
Not placed in a tribe
- Brachystigma Pennell - Desert foxglove
- Dasistoma Raf.
- Hemianthus Nutt.
- Leucosalpa Scott-Elliot
- Phygelius E.Mey. ex Benth. - Cape fuchsia[12]
Excluded genera
The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:
- Agalinis -> Orobanchaceae
- Amphianthus -> Plantaginaceae
- Angelonia -> Plantaginaceae
- Antirrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
- Bacopa -> Plantaginaceae
- Bartsia -> Orobanchaceae
- Bellardia -> Orobanchaceae
- Besseya -> Plantaginaceae[13]
- Calceolaria -> Calceolariaceae
- Castilleja -> Orobanchaceae
- Chaenorrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
- Chelone -> Plantaginaceae
- Chionophila -> Plantaginaceae
- Collinsia -> Plantaginaceae
- Cordylanthus -> Orobanchaceae
- Craterostigma Hochst. -> alongside Lindernia[14] or as part of Lindernia[15]
- Cymbalaria -> Plantaginaceae
- Digitalis -> Plantaginaceae
- Dopatrium -> Plantaginaceae
- Epixiphium -> Plantaginaceae
- Euphrasia -> Orobanchaceae
- Galvezia -> Plantaginaceae
- Gambelia -> Plantaginaceae
- Glossostigma -> Phrymaceae
- Gratiola -> Plantaginaceae
- Hebe -> Plantaginaceae
- Holmgrenanthe -> Plantaginaceae
- Howelliella -> Plantaginaceae
- Keckiella -> Plantaginaceae
- Kickxia -> Plantaginaceae
- Lagotis -> Plantaginaceae
- Limnophila -> Plantaginaceae
- Linaria -> Plantaginaceae
- Lindernia -> Plantaginaceae, also placed within its own family Linderniaceae according to Haston et al. 2007 (also known as LAPG II).[16]
- Lophospermum -> Plantaginaceae
- Mabrya -> Plantaginaceae
- Maurandella -> Plantaginaceae
- Maurandya -> Plantaginaceae
- Mazus -> Phrymaceae
- Mecardonia -> Plantaginaceae
- Melampyrum -> Orobanchaceae
- Micranthemum -> Plantaginaceae
- Mimulus -> Phrymaceae
- Misopates -> Plantaginaceae
- Mohavea -> Plantaginaceae
- Nemesia -> Plantaginaceae
- Neogaerrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
- Nothochelone -> Plantaginaceae
- Nuttallanthus -> Plantaginaceae
- Odontites -> Orobanchaceae
- Orobanche -> Orobanchaceae
- Orthocarpus -> Orobanchaceae
- Parentucellia -> Orobanchaceae
- Paulownia -> Paulowniaceae
- Pedicularis -> Orobanchaceae
- Penstemon -> Plantaginaceae
- Pseudorontium -> Plantaginaceae
- Rhinanthus -> Orobanchaceae
- Russelia -> Plantaginaceae
- Sairocarpus -> Plantaginaceae
- Schistophragma -> Plantaginaceae
- Scoparia -> Plantaginaceae
- Stemodia -> Plantaginaceae
- Striga -> Orobanchaceae[1][17]
- Synthyris -> Plantaginaceae
- Tonella -> Plantaginaceae
- Torenia L. -> Linderniaceae
- Triphysaria -> Orobanchaceae
- Veronica -> Plantaginaceae
- Veronicastrum -> Plantaginaceae
References
- ^ a b Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany 88: 348–361. doi:. PMID 11222255. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348.
- ^ Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?". Fremontia 30: 13–22. - on line here
- ^ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1611. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ^ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2282. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ^ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1610. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ^ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1609. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ^ a b Kornhall, Per and Bremer, Birgitta (2004). "New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146 (4): 453–467. doi:.
- ^ Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". Taxon 54 (2): 411–425.
- ^ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2280. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ^ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2281. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ^ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1612. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ^ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1023. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ^ Besseya at GRIN Taxonomy for Plants
- ^ Albach, D. C. (2005). "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany 92: 297. doi:. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/297.
- ^ "Lindernia All.". A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=118628.
- ^ Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon 56 (1): 7–12.
- ^ Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis (Autumn, 1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 (4): 876. doi:.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Scrophulariaceae |
- Kew list of Scrophulariaceae
- Family Scrophulariaceae Flowers in Israel
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