Seam carving or Content-Aware Image Resizing (CAIR) is an algorithm developed by Shai Avidan of Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs (MERL) and Ariel Shamir (Interdisciplinary Center and MERL) for image resizing that establishes the number of seams, connected paths of low energy pixels that are determined by magnitude of gradient, in an image and automatically removes seams to reduce image size or inserts seams to extend it. Seam carving also allows manually defining areas in which pixels may not be modified and the ability to remove whole objects from photographs. The purpose of the algorithm is to display images without distortion on various media (cell phones, PDAs) using document standards, like HTML, that already support dynamic changes in page layout and text.[1]
Dynamic programming is used in seam carving to remove unnoticeable pixels that blend in with their surroundings by mapping the total number of seams, figuring optimal vertical and horizontal seams and extending the optimal seams starting at every pixel of an image edge according to an "importance" function. A vertical seam is a path of pixels connected from top to bottom in an image with one pixel in each row; horizontal seam is similar with the exception of the connection being from left to right. The importance function values a pixel by measuring its contrast with its neighbor pixels.
Adobe Systems acquired a non-exclusive license to seam carving technology from MERL[2], and implemented it as a feature in Photoshop CS4, where it is called Content Aware Scaling.[3]
Improvements and extensions
References
- ^ Seam Carving for Content-Aware Image Resizing. S. Avidan, A. Shamir, 2007.
- ^ Mitsubishi Electric press release, Business Wire, December 16, 2008.
- ^ Adobe Photoshop CS4 new feature list.
- ^ Improved Seam Carving for Video Retargeting. Michael Rubinstein, Ariel Shamir, Shai Avidan. SIGGRAPH 2008.
- ^ Multi-operator Media Retargeting. Michael Rubinstein, Ariel Shamir, Shai Avidan. SIGGRAPH 2009.
External links
- Demonstration of seam carving (Youtube video)
- ImageMagick
- Liquid Rescale, seam carving plug-in for GIMP
- Digital Image Resizer Toy, an open source implementation.
- SEAMonster, a .NET Seam Carving implementation, and open source implementation.
- Fugenschnitzer, an open source implementation.
- A pure JavaScript implementation
- Visualizing Calculus: The use of the gradient in image processing
- Download free seam carving windows software with photos and demo, optimized for speed with several options available to remove objects
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