Seventeen Provinces

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Zeventien Provinciën Diecisiete Provincias Siebzehn Provinzen Dix-sept Provinces The Seventeen Provinces States of the Holy Roman Empire ← 1482–1581 →   → Flag Map of the Provinces Capital Not specified Language(s) Dutch, French Religion Roman Catholic (official) Afters 1530s Protestantism and Anabaptism (inside northern areas, minority, unofficial) Government Monarchy Historical era Middle Ages  - Established 1482  - Joined Burgundian Circle 1512  - Dutch Revolt July 26, 1581

The Seventeen Provinces were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century, roughly covering the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France (Artois, Nord), and a small part of the West of Germany.

The Seventeen Provinces were originally held by the Dukes of Burgundy of the House of Valois and later by the Habsburgs, first by the Spanish and then by the Austrian line. From 1512 the Provinces formed the major part of the Burgundian Circle.

Composition

The map corresponds to the following provinces:

1. the County of Artois
2. the County of Flanders, including the burgraviates of Lille, Douai, Orchies, the Lordship of Tournai and the Tournaisis
3. the Lordship of Mechelen
4. the County of Namur
5. the County of Hainaut
6. the County of Zeeland
7. the County of Holland
8. the Duchy of Brabant, including the Margraviate of Antwerp, the counties of Leuven and of Brussels, and the advocacy of the Abbey of Nivelles and of Gembloux
9. the Duchy of Limburg, including the counties of Dalhem and Valkenburg and the Lordship of Herzogenrath
10. the Duchy of Luxembourg
11. the Prince-Bishopric, later Lordship of Utrecht
12. the Lordship of Frisia
13. the Duchy of Guelders and the County of Zutphen
14. the Lordships of Groningen
15. the Ommelanden
16. the Lordship of Drenthe, Lingen, Wedde, and Westerwolde
17. the Lordship of Overijssel

It was not always the same Seventeen Provinces represented at the Estates-General of the Netherlands. Sometimes one delegation was included in another.

In later years the county of Zutphen became a part of the Duchy of Guelders, and the Duchy of Limburg was dependent on the Duchy of Brabant. On the other hand the French-speaking cities of Flanders were sometimes recognised as a separate province.

There were a number of fiefdoms in the Low Countries that were not part of the Seventeen Provinces, mainly because they did not belong to the Burgundian Circle but to the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle. The largest of these was the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, the green area on the map, including the County of Horne. The ethnically and culturally Netherlandish duchies of Cleves and Julich did not join either. In the north, there were also a few smaller entities like the island of Ameland that would retain their own lords until the French Revolution.

Historians came up with different variations of the list. The number could have been chosen because of its Christian connotation.^{[1][clarification needed]}

History

History of the Low Countries v • d • e
Austrasia				Frisian kingdom
Carolingian Empire ca 800–843
	Cty of Flanders 9th century – 1384	Lotharingia, then Lower Lorraine 855–954–977
Bishopric of Liège + Imperial Abbey of Stavelot- Malmedy + Duchy of Bouillon 10th century – 1795		Other feudal states	County of Luxembourg 963–1384	10th–14th centuries
	Burgundian Netherlands		Duchy of Luxembourg 1384–1443	1384–1482
	Habsburg Netherlands 1482–1795 (Seventeen Provinces, Burgundian Circle)
	Spanish (Southern) Netherlands 1549–1713
				Dutch Republic 1581–1795
	Austrian Netherlands 1713–95
Liège Revolution 1789-1792	United States of Belgium 1790
French Republic 1795–1804				Batavian Republic 1795–1806
French Empire 1804–15
				Kingdom of Holland 1806–10
United Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1815
Kingdom of Belgium since 1830			Grand Duchy of Luxembourg since 1839	Netherlands

Leo Belgicus map.

The Seventeen Provinces originated from the Burgundian Netherlands. The dukes of Burgundy systematically became the lord of different provinces. Mary I of Valois, Duchess of Burgundy was the last of the House of Burgundy.

When she married Maximilian I of Habsburg, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the provinces were acquired by the House of Habsburg in 1482. His grandson and successor, Charles V of Habsburg, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Burgundy, eventually united all seventeen provinces under his rule, the last one being the Duchy of Guelders, in 1543.

Most of these provinces were fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire. Two provinces, the County of Flanders and County of Artois, were originally French fiefs, but sovereignty was ceded to the Empire in the Treaty of Cambrai in 1529.

The Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 determined that the Provinces should remain united in the future and inherited by the same monarch. Therefore, Charles V introduced the title of Heer der Nederlanden ("Lord of the Netherlands"). Only he and his son could ever use this title.

After Charles V's abdication in 1556, his realms were divided between his son, Philip II of Habsburg, King of Spain, and his brother, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. The Seventeen Provinces went to his son, the king of Spain.

Conflicts between Philip II and his Dutch subjects led to the Eighty Years' War, which started in 1568. The seven northern provinces gained their independence as a republic called the Seven United Provinces. They were:

1. the Lordship of Groningen and of the Ommelanden
2. the Lordship of Friesland
3. the Lordship of Overijssel
4. the Duchy of Guelders (except its upper quarter) and the County of Zutphen
5. the Prince-Bishopric, later Lordship of Utrecht
6. the County of Holland
7. the County of Zeeland

The southern provinces, Flanders, Brabant, Namur, Hainaut, Luxembourg a.o., were restored to Spanish rule thanks to the military and political talent of the Duke of Parma, especially at the Siege of Antwerp (1584–1585). Hence, these provinces became known as the Spanish Netherlands or Southern Netherlands.

The northern Seven United Provinces kept parts of Limburg, Brabant, and Flanders during the Eighty Years' War (see Generality Lands), which ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Artois and parts of Flanders and Hainaut were ceded to France in the course of the 17th and 18th century.

Economy

A map of European Spanish Empire after the Battle of Mühlberg (1547) as depicted in the Cambridge Modern History Atlas (1912) - Habsburg lands are shaded green

By the mid-16th century, the Margraviate of Antwerp (Duchy of Brabant) had become the economic, political, and cultural center of the Netherlands after its capital had shifted from the nearby Lordship of Mechelen to the city of Brussels.

Bruges (County of Flanders) had already lost its prominent position as economic powerhouse of northern Europe. And Holland was gradually gaining importance in the 15th and 16th centuries.

However after the independence of the seven northern provinces and the resulting closure of the Scheldt river to navigation, a large number of people from the southern provinces emigrated north to the new republic.

The center of prosperity moved from cities in the south such as Bruges, Antwerp, Ghent, and Brussels to cities in the north, mostly Holland, including Amsterdam, the Hague, and Rotterdam.

Netherlands

To distinguish between the older and larger Low Countries of the Netherlands from the current country of the Netherlands, Dutch speakers usually drop the plural for the latter. They speak of Nederland in singular for the current country and of de Nederlanden in plural for the integral domains of Charles V.

In other languages, this has not been adopted, though the larger area is sometimes known as the Low Countries in English.

The fact that the term Netherlands has such different historical meanings can sometimes lead to difficulties in expressing oneself correctly. For example, composers from the 16th century are often said to belong to the Dutch School (Nederlandse School). Although they themselves would not have objected to that term at that time, today it may wrongly create the impression that they were from the current Netherlands. In fact, they were almost exclusively from current Belgium.

Coats of arms

XVII Provinces

I. County of Artois

II. Duchy of Brabant

III. Bishopric of Tournai

IV. County of Flanders

V. Lordship of Friesland

VI. Lordship of Groningen and of the Ommelanden

VII. Duchy of Guelders

VIII. County of Hainaut

IX. County of Holland

X. Duchy of Limburg

XI. Duchy of Luxembourg

XII. Lordship of Mechelen

XIII. County of Namur

XIV. Lordship of Overijssel

XV. Prince-Bishopric, later Lordship of Utrecht

XVI. County of Zeeland

XVII. County of Zutphen

See also

• Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
• The Netherlands (disambiguation)
• Burgundian Netherlands
• Greater Netherlands
• French Flemish
• Benelux

Notes and references

External links

• Map of the Seventeen Provinces (1555)

v • d • e Burgundian Circle (1512–1806) of the Holy Roman Empire File:Flag - Low Countries - XVth Century.svg Seventeen Provinces of Habsburg Netherlands Artois (until 1659) · Brabant · Drenthe1 · Flanders · Friesland1 · Groningen1 · Guelders1 · Hainaut · Holland1 · Limburg · Luxembourg · Mechelen · Namur · Overijssel1 · Utrecht1 · Zeeland1 · Zutphen1 County Burgundy2 Imperial City Besançon2 Dependent territories Antwerp · Breda 1 until 1581.   2 until 1678.