The modern Levant

Sham (also ash-Sham or Bilad-a-Sham) (Arabic: بلاد الشام , also transliterated bilad-ush-sham etc.) is the Arabic name of the historical Levant region which covers nowadays most parts of Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Palestine (sometimes excluding the Jazira region in the north-east of modern Syria). The name is sometimes confused with the political and modern term of Greater Syria. For much of the history of the Middle East, Bilad al-Sham was closely integrated and shared a common culture and economy. The colonialism of the post-World War I years and the rise of a number of states in the region has ended this unity. It is still useful for historians looking at pre-twentieth century history to consider it as a region, however.

The region was the bastion and the center of the Umayyad Empire rule with its capital at Damascus.

"Sham" can also be transcribed as "Cham" under French influence. The adjective shami شامي means someone coming from this region. The Arabic term etymologically means "land of the left hand", referring to the fact that for someone in the Hejaz facing east, north is to the left (so the name Yemen correspondingly means "land of the right hand"). The region is sometimes defined as the area that was dominated by Damascus, long an important regional centre — in fact, the Arabic word al-Sham الشام standing on its own can refer to the city of Damascus.^{[citation needed]}

Note that the name Sham has no clear etymological connection with the Biblical figure Shem son of Noah — Sham comes from the Arabic consonantal root shin-hamza-mim ش ء م (referring to unluckiness, such as that traditionally associated with the left), as seen in alternative Arabic spellings such as شأم and شآم, while Shem son of Noah appears in Arabic as sam سام (with a different initial consonant, and without any internal glottal stop consonant). There is also no connection with the word shams "sun" (as in Majdal Shams or ash-Shams).

Bilad al-Sham (meaning "land of Sham") is not always precisely synonymous with "Greater Syria" or "Levant", since Greater Syria can refer to a smaller political region, while the Levant can refer to a larger historical region. Today the term is most commonly used by historians to describe the area in earlier times. In fact, the Arabic word al-Sham الشام standing on its own can refer to the city of Damascus.

The Arabic word suriyya (سوريا, "official" spelling سورية) was not widely used among Arabic-speaking Muslims before about 1870, though it had been used by Arabic-speaking Christians earlier. According to the Syrian Orthodox Church, "Syrian" used to mean "Christian" in early Christianity, and the special Arabic word suryani سرياني (singular) / suryan سريان (plural) means one who belongs to the Syrian Orthodox Church, as opposed to the general Arabic adjective for "Syrian" suri سوري (singular) / suriyun سوريون (plural).

Currently, the Arabic term suriyya is used to refer to the modern state of Syria (as opposed to the whole Greater Syria region referred to as Bilad al-Sham), but this distinction was not as clear before the mid 20th-century (following the frustration of the Hashemite dream of a Greater Syrian Arab kingdom after World War I due to the Sykes-Picot Agreement, and the uniting of the separate French mandates in Syria into one unified entity in 1936).

See also

• Mashriq
• Levant
• Names of the Levant
• Greater Syria
• Canaan
• Land of Israel
• Strugglers for the Unity and Freedom of al-Sham
• Jund al-Sham

References

• Article "Al-Sham" in the Encyclopedia of Islam by C.E. Bosworth, volume 9, p. 261 (1997).
• Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic by Hans Wehr (4th edition, 1994).

Donate to Wikimedia