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Chanyu Chinese Traditional=單于, Chinese Simplified=单于, normally spelled Shanyu and sometimes transliterated Shanuy, was the title used by the nomadic supreme rulers of Middle and Central Asia for 8 centuries, starting from the Zhou go period and superceded by the title "Kagan"" in 402 CE [1]. The title was used by the nomadic Xiongnu Luanti clan during the Qin and Han dynasties.
The reason 'Chanyu' is preferable to 'Shanyu' is to be found in the Guangyun, a dictionary compiled in 601 CE by Lu Fayan, and completed during the Song dynasty, gives three readings for the first character of this title [i.e. Chanyu]: dan, chan, and shan. The form chan is specifically mentioned as being used in the Xiongnu title Chanyu. The reading shan is used as a place or family name; the reading dan means 'single' or 'alone.'[2][3][4]
Literally, the full phrase in which Chanyu is used means "son of endless sky", clearly an epithet for a ruler, just as the Chinese have called the emperor the "son of heaven". The Xiongnu Lateral succession system seems to have been what the late Joseph Fletcher called blood tanistry, with the closest male relative inheriting the position of Chanyu from his predecessor. There were sixty historical Chanyu.[citation needed]
List of Xiongnu Chanyus
| Chinese name | Data | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xia, Chun-Wei (夏, 淳維) | Legendary king a.k.a. Sunni[citation needed] | c. 1800-1766BC | ||
| ?Kia?[citation needed] | ??? | ?- 270BC?[citation needed] | ||
| ?Tangriqut?[citation needed] | ??? | ?270 - 240BC?[citation needed] | ||
| Touman (頭曼) | a.k.a. Toumen | 240 - 209BC | ||
| Maodun (冒顿) | a.k.a. Batur (Baγatur) [5] | 209 - 174BC | ||
| Ki-Ok (老上) | a.k.a. Kokkhan | 174 - 161BC | ||
| Chun-Chin (車臣) | a.k.a. Kunkhan | 161 - 126BC | ||
| I, Tsin-Xien (伊, 稚邪) | a.k.a. El'chishye | 126 - 114BC | ||
| Wu-Wey (烏維) | a.k.a. Uvey | 114 - 105BC | ||
| Wu, Shi-Lu? (烏, 師盧?) | a.k.a. Uyshilar | 105 - 102/1BC | ||
| Ku/Zhou, Li-Hu (口/句, 黎湖) | a.k.a. Kulighu | 102/1 - 101/0BC | ||
| Chu, Ti-Qu (且, 提侯) | ??? | 101/0 - 96BC | ||
| Hu, Lu-Ku (狐, 鹿姑) | a.k.a. Ghuliqu | 96 - 85BC | ||
| Chu, Yan-Ti (壺, 衍提) | a.k.a. Ghuyandi | 85 - 68BC | ||
| Hsu-Lu (虛閭) & Chuan-Chou (權渠) | Two brothers: Shuluy & Qanghuy | 68 - 60BC | ||
| Ang, Yan-Ti (握, 衍提) | a.k.a. Uyanquti (?月句?) | 60 - 58BC | ||
| Hu, Hanxie (呼, 韓邪) | a.k.a. Qoghoshar (Khukheniy I) opposed by... ...Bosiuytang-Zhuki (West) ...Huge (Northwest) ...Cheli (Southwest) ...Uji (Northwest) ...Zhunzhen (West) ...Zhizhi-Guduhu (East) |
58 - 31BC 58 - 56 58 - 57 58 - 56 58 - 57 56 - 54 55 - 47 |
||
| Fu-Chu Ley Ju-Ti (復株 累 若提) | a.k.a. Pozhu-Lu-NoTi | 31 - 20BC | ||
| Su-Xie Ju-Ti (搜諧 若提) | Shuzhu-NoTi | 20 - 12BC | ||
| Che-Ya Ju-Ti (車牙 若提) Wu Ley Ju-Ti (烏 累 若提) |
Qiya-NoTi, opposed by U-Lu-NoTi |
12 - 8BC 11 - 10BC |
||
| Wu-Zhou Liu Ju-Ti (烏珠 留 若提) | Uchi-Lu-NoTi | 8 BCE - 13 AD | ||
| Wu Ley Ju-Ti (烏 累 若提) | U-Lu-NoTi (restored) | 13 - 18AD | ||
| Hu, Duershi TaoGao-JuTi (呼, 都而尸 道皋 若提) Wu-Ta Ti-Qu (烏達 提侯) |
Ghuduarshi Davga-Noti, opposed by... ...Xiuybudan ...Udatqu |
18 - 46AD 18 - 19AD 21 - 46AD |
||
| Pu-Nu (蒲奴) | a.k.a. Panu, he was shunned to the Northwest by KhuKheniy II. The descendants of his supporters were eventually driven to the west of the Caspian sea by Ban Chao where they were noticed by Tacitus |
46 - 48AD | ||
| Hu, Han-Sie/Hanxie (呼, 韓邪) Di II (第二) 醢落尸逐鞮 |
a.k.a. Bey/Bi (KhuKheniy II) of the East partition brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 50 |
48-56/55AD | ||
| Chiu-Fu Yu-Ti (丘浮 尤提) | Chupu-NoTi | 55/56-56/57AD | ||
| I-Fa Wu Yu-Ti (伊伐 於 慮提) | ??? | 56/57-59AD | ||
| XienTung ShiSuQuTi (醢僮 尸逐侯提) | Shtongsi SuyGhuTi | 59-63AD | ||
| 丘除車林提 | Kuchi QilinTi | 63AD | ||
| HuYeh ShiSuQuTi (湖邪 尸逐侯提) | Ghushi Shisu Quti | 63-85 | ||
| I-Tu-Yi-Lu-Ti (伊屠 於 閭提) | Iltu UluTi | 85-88AD | ||
| XiuLan ShiSuQuTi (休蘭 尸逐侯提) | Shulan | 88-93 | ||
| Anguo (安國) | a.k.a. Arqu started a large scale rebellion against the Han |
93-94AD | ||
| Tindu ShiSuQuTi (亭獨 尸逐侯提) | ??? | 94-98AD | ||
| Wanchi ShiSuQuTi (萬氏 尸逐侯提) | opposed by... ...Finghey |
98-124AD 98-118AD |
||
| Wuzhi ShiSuQuTi (烏稽 尸逐侯提) | ??? | 124-127/128 | ||
| Kuti NoShiSuChin (去特 若尸逐就) | Committed suicide | 127/128-140/142? | ||
| Chu-Xiu | ??? | 140 - 143 | ||
| Hu, Lan NoShiSuChin (呼, 蘭 若尸逐就) | Ghoran | 143-147AD | ||
| I-Ling NoShiSuChin (伊陵 若尸逐就) | Illin | 147-172AD | ||
| Dotuk NoShiSuChin (屠特 若尸逐就) | a.k.a. Utno Shisu Quti | 172-177/8AD | ||
| Hu, Ching (呼, 徵) | a.k.a. Ghuzhin | 177/8-179AD | ||
| Jiangqu (羌渠) | a.k.a. Qanquy | 179-188AD | ||
| Luanti Yufuluo (於扶羅) | a.k.a. Qizi ShiSuQu (特至 尸逐侯). The last ShiSu. Overthrown in the Ordos by the unnamed Chanyu of Xiluo 醯落 and Tu'ge 屠各. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平阳) in Shanxi. |
188-195AD | ||
| Huchuquan (呼廚泉) | Yufuluo's brother(?) he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu after Yufuluo died. |
195-215/6AD | ||
| Liu Bao (劉豹) | Yufuluo's son. He changed the Chanyu clan name from Luanti to Liu - meaning Dragon in the Xiongnu Language. He bore the title 匈奴 單于 but ruled only over the West partition in Jiuyuan (九原) of the Pingyang Xiongnu newly partitioned into North, South, left (West), right (East), and Centre by Cao Cao |
216-260AD | ||
| 劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi | Huchuquan's son. Cao Cao ordered him to rule over the north partition of Pingyang Xiongnu as Tiefu Right Virtuous King (鐵弗 右贤王). |
260-272 | ||
| 劉誥升爰 Liú Gàoshēngyuán | Son of 劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi. Bore the title 鐵弗 右贤王 | 272-309 | ||
| Liú Yuān (劉淵) | a.k.a. Guangwen (光文). Son of Liu Bao (劉豹). Bore the title 匈奴 單于 |
309-310 | ||
| Liu He, ch. 劉和 py. liú hé | ??? | 7 days in 310 | ||
| Liu Cong, ch. 劉聰 py. liú cōng | a.k.a. Zhaowu, ch. 昭武, py. zhāo wǔ | 310-318 | ||
| Liu Can, ch. 劉粲 py. liú càn | a.k.a. Yin, ch. 隱 py. yǐn | a month and days in 318 | ||
| Liu Yao ch. Liu Yao 劉曜 py. liú yaò | a.k.a. Hou Zhu (後主 hòu zhǔ) | 318-329 | ||
| Liu Xi ch. Liu Xi 劉熙; py. liú xī; | Last ruler of Han Zhao | 329 | ||
| 劉虎 Liú Hǔ | Liu Qubei's grandson. He was not allowed to call himself Chanyu | 329-341 | ||
| 劉務恒 Liú Wùhéng | ??? | 341-356 | ||
| 劉閼陋頭 Liú èlòutóu | ??? | 356-358 | ||
| 劉悉勿祈 Liú Xīwùqí | ??? | 358-359 | ||
| 劉衛辰 Liú Wèichén | Emperor Huan | 359-391 | ||
| 劉勃勃 Liú Bóbó | a.k.a. Wulie (武烈 Wǔliè) established Xiongnu Xia 407 and in 413 reverted surname to 赫連 Hèlián | 391-425 | ||
| 赫連昌 Hèlián Chāng | ??? | 425-428 | ||
| 赫連定 Hèlián Dìng | Last native ruler of Huns in China | 428-431 | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ Taskin V.S. "Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes", Moscow, 1984, p. 305,306, (Таскин В.С. "Mатериалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху") In Russian
- ^ "Early Chinese Settlement Policies towards the Nomads." Pan Yihong. Asia Major, 3rd series, Vol. V, Part 2, (1992), p. 42, n. 2.
- ^ Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese and Early Mandarin, p. 48. (1991) Edwin G. Pulleyblank. UBC Press. Vancouver.
- ^ Indo-Scythian Studies being Khotanese Texts Volume VII, p. 32. (1985). H. W. Bailey. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Hirth F. Sinologische Beitrage zur Geschichte der Turk-Volker. Die Ahnentafel Attila's nach Johannes von Thurocz. Bull. Imp. Acad, series V, vol. XIII, 1900, No 2, pp. 221-261.
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