remora

 

(rĕm'ərə) , any of the several species of warmwater fishes of the family Echeneidae, characterized by an oval sucking disk on the top of the head. With this apparatus (a modification of the dorsal fin) the remora, or suckerfish, attaches itself to sharks, swordfishes, drums, marlins, and sea turtles. In this way it travels without effort, feeding on scraps from the prey of these larger creatures and in some cases on their crustacean parasites. Remoras sometimes attach themselves to small boats, but they can also swim well on their own. The adhesive power of their sucking disks is so great that the natives of some tropical regions use remoras to catch sea turtles by attaching lines to their tails. Different species prefer different hosts. The whalesucker, Remilegia australis, is usually found attached to whales. The smallest remora, the 7 in. (18 cm) Remoropsis pallidus, prefers swordfishes and tuna. Largest and most common is the shark remora, or sharksucker, which reaches 3 ft (90 cm) in length and attaches itself to sharks; it is found along the Atlantic coast N of Long Island in the summer. Remoras are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Osteichthyes, order Echeniformes, family Echeneidae.

Remora
Spearfish remora, Remora brachyptera
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Echeneidae
Genera
Echeneis Phtheiricthys Remora Remorina See text for species.
Synonyms
Echeneididae

Remoras or suckerfish are elongate brown fish in order Perciformes and family Echeneidae.^[1][2] They grow up to 30-90 cm long (1-3 feet), and their distinctive first dorsal fin takes the form of a modified oval sucker-like organ with slat-like structures that open and close to create suction and take a firm hold against the skin of larger marine animals. By sliding backward, the remora can increase the suction, or it can release itself by swimming forward. Remoras sometimes attach themselves to small boats. They also swim well on their own, with a sinuous motion.

Remoras are primarily tropical open-ocean dwellers, occasionally found in temperate or coastal waters if they have attached to large fish that have wandered into these areas. In the mid-Atlantic, spawning usually takes place in June and July; in the Mediterranean, in August and September. The sucking disc begins to show when the young fish are about 1 cm long. When the remora reaches about 3 cm, the disc is fully formed and the remora is then able to hitch a ride. The remora's lower jaw projects beyond the upper, and there is no swim bladder.

Some remoras associate primarily with specific host species. Remoras are commonly found attached to sharks, manta rays, whales, turtles and dugong, (hence the common names sharksucker, whalesucker). Smaller remoras also fasten onto fish like tuna and swordfish, and some small remoras travel in the mouths or gills of large manta rays, ocean sunfish, swordfish, and sailfish.

The relationship between remoras and their hosts is most often taken to be one of commensalism, specifically phoresy^{[citation needed]}. The host they attach to for transport gains nothing from the relationship, but also loses little. The remora benefits by using the host as transport and protection and also feeds on materials dropped by the host. There is some controversy over whether a remora's diet is primarily leftover fragments, or actually the feces of the host. In some species (Echeneis naucrates and E. neucratoides) consumption of host feces is strongly indicated in gut dissections.^[3] For other species, such as those found in a host's mouth, scavenging of leftovers is more likely. Many sources also suggest that for some remora/host pairings the relationship is closer to mutualism with the remora cleaning bacteria and other parasites from the host.

Species

There are eight species in four genera:

• Genus Echeneis
  • Live sharksucker, Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758.
  • Whitefin sharksucker, Echeneis neucratoides Zuiew, 1786.
• Genus Phtheirichthys
  • Slender suckerfish, Phtheirichthys lineatus (Menzies, 1791).
• Genus Remora
  • Whalesucker, Remora australis (Bennett, 1840).
  • Spearfish remora, Remora brachyptera (Lowe, 1839).
  • Marlin sucker, Remora osteochir (Cuvier, 1829).
  • Common remora, Remora remora (Linnaeus, 1758).
• Genus Remorina
  • White suckerfish, Remorina albescens (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850).

The fishing fish

Remoras have been used for catching turtles in a remarkable way: a cord or rope is fastened to the remora's tail, and when a turtle is sighted the fish is released from the boat; it usually heads directly for the turtle and fastens itself to the turtle's shell, and then both remora and turtle are hauled in. Smaller turtles can be pulled completely into the boat by this method, while larger ones are hauled within harpooning range. This practice has been reported throughout the Indian Ocean, especially from eastern Africa near Zanzibar and Mozambique,^[4] and from northern Australia near Cape York and Torres Strait.^[5][6]

Similar reports have also come from Japan and from the Americas. In fact, some of the first records of the "fishing fish" in the Western literature come from the accounts of the second voyage of Christopher Columbus. However, Leo Wiener considers the Columbus accounts to be apocryphal: what was taken for accounts of the Americas may have in fact been notes that Columbus derived from accounts of the East Indies, his desired destination.^[7]

Mythology

In ancient times, the remora was believed to stop a ship from sailing. In Latin remora means "delay", while the genus name Echeneis comes from Greek echein ("to hold") and naus ("a ship"). Particularly notable is the account of Pliny the Younger, in which the remora is blamed for the defeat of Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium and (indirectly) for the death of Caligula.^[8]

Because of the shape of the jaws, appearance of the sucker, and coloration of the remora, it sometimes appears to be swimming upside-down. This probably led to the older common name reversus, although this might also derive from the fact that the remora frequently attaches itself to the tops of manta rays or other fish, so that the remora in fact is upside-down while attached.

Trivia

Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines. The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones.

Remoraid is a Pokémon that was inspired by the remora. In most official merchandise, Mantine (a manta ray-like Pokémon) can be seen with a Remoraid attached to the bottom of its wings, not unlike how a real remora attaches itself to rays and other large sea life.

In A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket, there is a character called Mr. Remora, who is a teacher.

In the 1996 action film Executive Decision with Kurt Russell, terrorists hijack a commercial plane going towards the US carrying a bomb loaded with DZ-5, planning to kill 40 million citizens. Meanwhile, at the Pentagon, a plan is worked out that will involve a mid-air transfer on a commando team onto the hijacked airliner using an experimental "Remora" aircraft.

In the Jimmy Buffett tune "Fins" about a bar girl who is constantly pursued by "sharks that can swim on the land," Jimmy uses the lyric "Feels like a remora" to describe her attachment to these sharks.

A Norwegian company, Remoratech, has made an offshore loading/offloading unit that employs the suction principle to attach to tanker vessels offshore.

The ‘Remora’ is a submarine rescue/intervention system used by the Australian Submarine Corporation and the Royal Australian Navy.

In the movie Layer Cake, the character of Eddie Temple asks Mr. X what a remora fish is. He then uses the term to describe his relationship with his old chum Jimmy Price ("...well, Jimmy's been swimming in my slipstream all my f****** life.").

In Magic: The Gathering, the Ice Age set has a Mystic Remora card. The card artwork by Ken Meyer, Jr. prominately features a Remora.

The "ramora (called 'remora' by muggles)" is mentioned in "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" by Newt Scamander (J. K. Rowling)

In the Nazca lines, one of the shapes is said to resemble a remora.

In the 2004 film "After the Sunset" Woody Harrelson's favorite tropical drink is a "Remora". His use of the drink and the fish share a truth that Harrelson uses in his struggles with thief, Pierce Brosnan

In the sit-com Friends, Joey has a roll in a soap-opera as Dr. Drake Remoray

References

1. ^ "Echeneidae". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. January 2006 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2006.
2. ^ Echeneidae (TSN 168567). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed on 20 March 2006.
3. ^ E. H. Willams et al. (2003). "Echeneid-sirenian associations, with information on sharksucker diet". Journal of Fish Biology 63 (5): 1176-1183. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00236.x. 
4. ^ E. W. Gudger (1919). "On the Use of the Sucking-Fish for Catching Fish and Turtles: Studies in Echeneis or Remora, II., Part 1.". The American Naturalist 53 (627): 289-311. 
5. ^ E. W. Gudger (1919). "On the Use of the Sucking-Fish for Catching Fish and Turtles: Studies in Echeneis or Remora, II., Part 2". The American Naturalist 53 (628): 446-467. 
6. ^ Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, available at Project Gutenberg. (Dr. Gudger's accounts are more authoritative, but this source is noted as an early account that Gudger appears to have missed.)
7. ^ Leo Wiener (1921). "Once more the sucking-fish". The American Naturalist 55 (637): 165-174. 
8. ^ Pliny the Younger. "Book 32, Chapter 1", Natural History.  (cited in E. W. Gudger (1930). "Some old time figures of the shipholder, Echeneis or Remora, holding the ship". Isis 13 (2): 340-352. 

A Remora and its sucker-like organ

A nurse shark with remoras attending

A Manta ray with remoras

Dugong with attached remora (Lamen Island, Epi, Vanuatu).

External links

• Flickr: Photos tagged with "remora"

National Aquarium Article About Remoras

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