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| Sino-Korean vocabulary | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | 한자말 / 한자어 |
| Hanja | 漢字말 / 漢字語 |
| Revised Romanization | Hanjamal / Hanja-eo |
| McCune–Reischauer | Hanchamal / Hanchaŏ |
Sino-Korean or Hanja-eo (Korean: 한자어, Hanja: 漢字語) refers to the set of words in the Korean language vocabulary that originated from or were influenced by hanja. The Sino-Korean lexicon consists of both words coined in the Korean language using hanjas.
Sino-Korean words are one of the three main types of vocabulary in Korean. The other two are native Korean words and foreign words imported from other languages, mostly from English.[1]
Although Sino-Korean words today make up about 60% of the Korean vocabulary,[1] many Sino-Korean words have been replaced in North Korea with native Korean words. However, there are still a large number of such words in widespread usage in the North.
Sino-Korean vocabulary
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The majority of Sino-Korean words were created and coined by Korean scholars. Note, however, that during the Japanese annexation there were a few academic and scientific terms were borrowed from Japanese, which had created a body of Sino-Japanese terms by coining or reusing Chinese words to translate Western terminology (mainly English and German). Under the Japanese annexation, this vocabulary was borrowed into Korean by systematically reading the characters with Korean pronunciations. Most of Sino-Korean words, however, were coined by the Koreans themselves.
Currently, most Sino-Korean meaning is different from the Chinese. This is due to various causes, including borrowing lightly from Japanese, divergence of Korean meanings from Chinese, or Korean coinage of new words. The table below contains some words that are either similar or different between Korean and Japanese and (Mandarin)Chinese
| English | Korean (in hangul) | Korean (in hanja) | Japanese | Chinese |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weather | 일기 (ilgi) | 日氣 | 天気･天氣 | 天氣･天气 |
| Automobile | 자동차 (jadongcha) | 自動車 | 自動車 | 汽車(汽车) |
| president | 대통령 (daetongnyeong) | 大統領 | 大統領 | 總統(总统) |
| letter | 편지 (pyeonji) | 便紙,片紙 | 手紙 | 信/信函 |
| tissue | 휴지 (hyuji) | 休紙 | 塵紙 | 衛生紙(卫生纸) |
| gift | 선물 (seonmul) | 膳物 | 土産 | 禮物(礼物) |
| newspaper | 신문 (sinmun) | 新聞 | 新聞 | 報紙(报纸)/報(报) |
| tab (in a restaurant or bar) | 외상 (oesang) | 外上 | 付け | 賬單(账单) |
| dining table | 식탁 (siktak) | 食卓 | 食卓 | 餐桌 |
| cheque | 수표 (supyo) | 手票 | 小切手 | 支票 |
| name card, business card | 명함 (myeongham) | 名啣 | 手札 | 名片 |
| Doctor | 의사 ((eu)isa) | 医師 | 医師/医者 | 醫生(医生)/大夫 |
| maid | 식모 (singmo) | 食母 | 下女 | 女傭(女佣)/女仆 |
| prohibit, cancel | 휴지 (hyuji)/해지 (haeji)/취소 (choi-so) | 休止/解止 | 取消 | 阻止/取消 |
| study | 공부 (gongbu) | 工夫 | 勉強/学習 | 學習(学习) |
| extremely | 대단 (daedan) | 大端 | 凄い | 極端(极端)/非常 |
| airport | 공항 (gonghang) | 空港 | 空港 | 機場(机场)/航空港 |
| airplane | 비행기 (bihaenggi) | 飛行機 | 飛行機 | 飛機(飞机) |
| prisoner | 수인 (suin) | 囚人 | 囚人 | 囚犯/犯人 |
| ICBM | 대륙간탄도미사일 (daeryukgan-tando-misail) |
大陸間彈道미사일 | 大陸間弾道ミサイル | 洲際彈道飛彈(洲际弹道导弹) |
| Computer | 전산기 (jeonsangi) (←Rarely used) |
電算機 | 電算機 | 電腦(电脑)/計算機(计算机) |
| introduction | 소개 (sogae) | 紹介 | 紹介 | 介紹(介绍) |
| Case, Situation | 경우 (gyeong'u) | 境遇 | 場合 | 情形/境遇/場合(场合) |
| Whereabout | 행방 (haengbang) | 行方 | 行方 | 去向 |
| Foreign currency | 외환 (oehwan) | 外換 | 為替 | 兌換(兑换) |
| Currency exchange | 환전 (hwanjeon) | 換錢 | 両替 | 換錢(换钱) |
| Promise | 약속 (yaksok)/언약 (eonyak) | 約束/言約 | 約束 | 承諾(承诺) |
| Bomber (aircraft) | 폭격기 (pokgyeokki) | 爆擊機 | 爆撃機 | 轟炸機(轰炸机) |
| Company, firm | 회사 (hoesa) | 會社 | 会社 | 公司 |
| faction | 파벌 (pabeol) | 派閥 | 派閥 | 派系 |
| Sunday | 일요일 (ilyoil) | 日曜日 | 日曜日 | 星期天 |
| Monday | 월요일 (Wolyoil) | 月曜日 | 月曜日 | 星期一 |
| The person in charge (of) | 담당자 (damdangja) | 担當者 | 担当者 | 負責人(负责人) |
| Movie, film | 영화 (yeonghwa) | 映畵 | 映画 | 電影(电影) |
| Support(computer term) | 지원 (jiweon) | 支援 | 対応 | 支援 |
| Driving the car | 운전 (unjeon) | 運轉 | 運転 | 駕駛(驾驶) |
Some Sino-Korean words derive from Japanese kun'yomi words, that is, native Japanese words written in Chinese characters. When borrowed into Korean, the characters are given Sino-Korean pronunciations. (Note that in Japanese, these words are not considered to belong to the Sino-Japanese part of the vocabulary as they are native Japanese words.)
| English | Japanese | Korean (in hanja) |
Korean (in hangul) |
Chinese term |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| assemble | 組み立て | 組立 | 조립 | 組合(组合) |
| kumi-tate | jo.rip | zǔhé | ||
| building | 建物 | 建物 | 건물 | 建築物(建筑物)/樓宇(楼宇) |
| tate-mono | geon.mul | jiànzhùwù/lóuyǔ | ||
| estimate | 見積もり | 見積 | 견적 | 估計(估计) |
| mi-tsumori | gyeon.jeok | gūjì | ||
| share of stock | 株式 | 株式 | 주식 | 股份 |
| kabu-shiki | ju.sik | gǔfèn | ||
| match | 試合 | 試合 | 시합 | 比賽(比赛) |
| shi-ai | si.hap | bǐsài | ||
See also
- Sino-Japanese Vocabulary
- List of Korea-related topics
- Thousand Character Classic
- Hanja
- Korean mixed script
- Sinoxenic
References
- ^ a b Sohn, Ho-Min. The Korean Language (Section 1.5.3 "Korean vocabulary", p.12-13), Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0521369436
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