Agreed with Moscow in 1948, the Sixteen Principles were drawn up in Communist East Germany as a radical alternative to the Le Corbusier-CIAM-Athens-Charter dogmas so widely accepted in the West after 1945. Among the Principles were the rejection of urban motorways cutting swathes through the urban fabric, the abandonment of zoning that played havoc in Western cities, and the re-establishment of the urban block and traditional street as essentials, all of which were reassessed at the end of C20 as part of New Urbanism.
Bibliography
- Kostof (1991, 1995); Ministry of Culture of the former DDR
- personal knowledge
The full bibliography for this book is available to download as a pdf file.
Download the bibliography for A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (PDF: 1.2MB)
