sodium chlorate

Sodium chlorate
Other names	Sodium chlorate(V)
Identifiers
CAS number	7775-09-9 Y
PubChem	24487
EC number	231-887-4
UN number	1495
RTECS number	FO0525000
Properties
Molecular formula	NaClO3
Molar mass	106.44 g/mol
Appearance	white solid
Odor	odorless
Density	2.5 g/cm3
Melting point	248 °C
Boiling point	~300 °C decomp.
Solubility in water	101.0 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Refractive index (nD)	1.572
Hazards
MSDS	ICSC 1117
EU Index	017-005-00-9
EU classification	Oxidant (O) Harmful (Xn) Dangerous for the environment (N)
R-phrases	R9, R22, R51/53
S-phrases	(S2), S13, S17, S46, S61
NFPA 704	0 1 1 OX
Flash point	none
Related compounds
Other anions	Sodium bromate Sodium iodate
Other cations	Ammonium chlorate Potassium chlorate Barium chlorate
Related compounds	Sodium chloride Sodium hypochlorite Sodium chlorite Sodium perchlorate
Y (what is this?)  (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Sodium chlorate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (NaClO₃). When pure, it is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water. It is hygroscopic. It decomposes above 250 °C to release oxygen and leave sodium chloride.

Synthesis

Industrially, sodium chlorate is synthesised from the electrolysis of hot sodium chloride solution in a mixed electrode tank:

NaCl + 3H₂O → NaClO₃ + 3H₂

It can also be synthesised by passing chlorine gas to a hot sodium hydroxide solution. It is then purified by crystallization.

Uses

The main commercial use for sodium chlorate is for making chlorine dioxide, ClO₂. The largest application, approx. 95% of the chlorate, is in bleaching of pulp where chlorine dioxide today is the predominatant environmentally safe bleaching agent.

Herbicides

Sodium chlorate is used as a non-selective herbicide. It is considered phytotoxic to all green plant parts. It can also kill through root absorption.

Sodium chlorate may be used to control:

• morning glory,
• Canada thistle,
• johnson grass,
• bamboo,
• ragwort and
• St John's wort.

The herbicide is mainly used on non-crop land for spot treatment and for total vegetation control on roadsides, fenceways, ditches and suchlike.

Sodium chlorate is also used as a defoliant and desiccant for:

• cotton,
• safflower,
• corn,
• flax,
• peppers,
• soybeans,
• grain sorghum,
• southern peas,
• dry beans,
• rice and
• sunflowers.

If used in combination with atrazine, it increases the persistence of the effect. If used in combination with 2,4-D, it improves performance of the material. Sodium chlorate has a soil-sterilant effect. Mixing with other herbicides in aqueous solution is possible to some extent, so long as they are not susceptible to oxidation.

Chemical oxygen generation

Chemical oxygen generator for example in commercial aircraft provide emergency oxygen to passengers to protect them from drops in cabin pressure by catalytic decomposition of sodium chlorate. The catalyst is normally some iron powder. Barium peroxide (BaO₂) is used to absorb the chlorine which is a minor product in the decomposition.^[1]

Sodium chlorate is used in some aircraft as a source of supplemental oxygen. Iron powder is mixed with sodium chlorate and ignited by a charge which is activated by pulling on the emergency mask. The reaction produces more oxygen than is required for combustion.

Toxicity in humans

Due to its oxidative nature, sodium chlorate can be very toxic if ingested. The oxidative effect on hemoglobin leads to methaemoglobin formation, which is followed by denaturation of the globin protein and a cross-linking of erythrocyte membrane proteins with resultant damage to the membrane enzymes. This leads to increased permeability of the membrane, and severe hemolysis. The denaturation of hemoglobin overwhelms the capacity of the G6PD metabolic pathway. In addition, this enzyme is directly denatured by chlorate reducing its activity.

Therapy with ascorbic acid and methylene blue may be effective. However, since methylene blue requires the presence of NADPH that requires normal functioning of G6PD system, it is less effective than in other conditions characterized by hemoglobin oxidation. Acute severe hemolysis results, with multi-organ failure, including DIC and renal failure.

Formulations

Sodium chlorate comes in dust, spray and granule formulations. There is a risk of fire and explosion in dry mixtures with other substances, especially organic materials, that is other herbicides, sulfur, phosphorus, powdered metals, strong acids. Particularly when mixed with sugar it has explosive properties. If accidentally mixed with one of these substances do not store inside your home, garage etc.^[2]

Marketed formulations contain a fire depressant, but this has little effect if deliberately ignited. Most commercially available chlorate weedkillers contain approximately 53% sodium chlorate with the balance being a fire depressant such as sodium metaborate or ammonium phosphates.

Trade Names

The active ingredient sodium chlorate is found in a variety of commercial herbicides. Some trade names for products containing sodium chlorate include Atlacide, Defol, De-Fol-Ate, Drop-Leaf, Fall, Harvest-Aid, Kusatol, Leafex, and Tumbleaf. The compound may be used in combination with other herbicides such as atrazine, 2,4-D, bromacil, diuron, and sodium metaborate. In the United Kingdom there are many brands of Sodium Chlorate Weedkillers. Two well known ones are Doff and Wilkinsons. In Italy it is found under the Zapi brand, sold as "Grasskiller Liquid".

Withdrawal from Market

Sodium chlorate products are to be withdrawn from the market due to an EC decision on the chemical, and its associated hazards. They will be available until the 30th of September 2009 to purchase, and are given approval for their use by any person until 10th of May 2010.

Cultural References

• In the May 2006 Exploding Pants episode of MythBusters, Sodium Chlorate was used as the "secret ingredient"^{[citation needed]} to explore the story of 1931 New Zealand farmers, such as Richard Buckley, whose trousers exploded or caught on fire, leading to a number of deaths.
• James Watson of Massey University in New Zealand won an Ig Nobel Prize for agricultural history in October 2005 for his research into the exploding trousers of the early 1930s in New Zealand.

See also

• Chloric acid

References

This article's citation style may be unclear. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. (September 2007)

1. ^ Yunchang Zhang, Girish Kshirsagar, and James C. Cannon (1993). "Functions of Barium Peroxide in Sodium Chlorate Chemical Oxygen". Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 32 (5): 966–969. doi:10.1021/ie00017a028. 
2. ^ Beveridge, Alexander (1998). Forensic Investigation of Explosions. Taylor & Francis Ltd. ISBN 0-7484-0565-8. 

• "Chlorate de potassium. Chlorate de sodium", Fiche toxicol. n° 217, Paris:Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 2000. 4pp.

External links

• International Chemical Safety Card 1117
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