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The South-West Africa Campaign was the conquest and occupation of German South West Africa, now called Namibia, by forces from the Union of South Africa acting on behalf of the British Imperial Government at the beginning of the First World War.
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Contents
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Background
The outbreak of hostilities in Europe in August 1914 had been anticipated and government officials of South Africa were aware of the significance of their common border with the German colony. Prime Minister Louis Botha informed London that South Africa could defend itself and that the Imperial Garrison might depart for France; when the British government asked Botha whether his forces would invade German South-West Africa, the reply was that they could and would.
South African troops were mobilized along the border between the two countries under the command of General Henry Lukin and Lt Col Manie Maritz early in September 1914. Shortly afterward another force occupied the port of Lüderitz.
Boer Revolt
There was considerable sympathy among the Boer population of South Africa for the German cause: but twelve years had passed since the end of the Second Boer War, in which Germany had offered the two tiny Boer republics moral support against the armed might of the world-straddling British Empire. Lieutenant-Colonel Manie Maritz, heading commando forces on the border of German South-West Africa, declared that
the former South African Republic and Orange Free State as well as the Cape Province and Natal are proclaimed free from British control and independent, and every [all] White inhabitant[s] of the mentioned areas, of whatever nationality, are hereby called upon to take their weapons in their hands and realize the long-cherished ideal of a Free and Independent South Africa.—Manie Maritz.[citation needed]
Maritz and several other high ranking officers rapidly gathered forces with a total of about 12,000 rebels in the Transvaal and Orange Free State, ready to fight for the cause in what became known as the Boer Revolt (also sometimes referred to as the Maritz Rebellion).
The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914, and forces loyal to the government under the command of Generals Louis Botha and January Smuts proceeded to destroy the rebellion. Maritz was defeated on 24 October and took refuge with the Germans; the rebellion was effectively suppressed by early February 1915. The leading Boer rebels received terms of imprisonment of six and seven years and heavy fines; however, two years later they were released from prison, as Botha recognized the value of reconciliation.
Combat with German forces
A first attempt to invade German South-West Africa from the south failed at the Battle of Sandfontein, close to the border with the Cape Colony, where on 25 September 1914 the German fusiliers inflicted a serious defeat on the British troops, although the survivors were left free to return to British territory.[citation needed]
To disrupt South African plans to invade South West Africa the Germans launched a pre-emptive invasion of their own. The Battle of Kakamas, Between South African and German forces, took place over the fords at Kakamas, on 4 February 1915. It was a skirmish for control of two river fords over the Orange River between contingents of the a German invasion force and South African armed forces. The South Africans succeed in preventing the Germans gaining control of the fords and crossing the river.
By February 1915, with the home front secure, the South Africans were ready, to begin the complete occupation of the German territory. Botha in his military capacity as a senior and experienced military commander took command of the invasion. He split his command into two with Smuts commanding the southern forces while he took direct command of the northern forces.[1]
Botha arrived at the coastal German colonial town of Swakopmund, on 11 February to take direct command on the northern contingent, and continued to build up his invasion force at Walfish Bay (or Walvis Bay)—a South African enclave about half way long the cost of German South West Africa (see the map). By March he was ready to invade. Advancing from Swakopmund along the Swakop vally with its railway line, his forces took Otjimbingwe, Karibib, Friedrichsfelde, Wilhelmsthal, and Okahandja and entered the colony's captial Windhuk on 5 May 1915.[2]
The Germans then offered terms under which they would surrender, but they were rejected by Botha so the war continued.[1] On 12 May Botha declared martial law and having effectively cut the colony in half divided his forces into four contingents under Coen Brits, Lukin, Manie Botha and Myburgh. Brits went north to Otjiwarongo, Outjo and Etosha Pan which cut off German forces in the interior from the coastal regions of Kunene and Kaokoveld. The other three columns panned out into the north east. Lukin went along the railway line (that runs from Swakopmund to Tsumeb. The other two columns advanced on the Lukin's right flank, Myburgh to Otavi junction and Manie Botha's to Tsumeb and the line's terminus. The men who commanded these columns having gained their military experience fighting in Boer commandos moved very rapidly.[2] The German forces in the north-west made a stand at Otavi on 1 July but were beaten and surrendered at Khorab on 9 July 1915.[citation needed]
While events were unfolding in the north, Smuts landed with another South African force at the South West Africa colony's navel base at Luderitzbucht (now called Angra Pequena). Having secured the town Smuts advanced inland capturing Keetmanshoop on 20 May. Here he met up with two other columns that had advanced over the bored from South Africa one origination from the coastal town of Port Nolloth and the other from Kimberly.
Smuts advanced north along the railway line to Berseba and after two days fighting captured Gibeon on 26 May.[1][3] The Germans in the south were forced to retreat northwards towards their capital and into the waiting arms of Botha's forces. With two weeks the German forces in the south faced with certain destruction, surrendered.[2]
The campaign in southern Angola
The campaign in southern Angola, opposing the Germans to the Portuguese, occurred even before the formal state of war existed between Germany and Portugal. The clashes occurred between October 1914 and July 1915, when Germany only declared war on Portugal on March 9, 1916.
Due to the possibility of an attack from the German Southwest Africa, the Portuguese forces in southern Angola were reinforced by a military expedition led by Lieutenant-Colonel Alves Roçadas, which arrived at Moçamedes, on the October 1, 1914.
Since mid-1914, several incidents between Portuguese and German troops have been happening. The first serious one was the Naulila incident on October 19, in which three German officers - heading a military column which entered Angola without permission - were killed by Portuguese troops. On the October 30, German troops armed with machine guns attacked by surprise the small Portuguese outpost in Cuangar, killing 20 soldiers and two civilians. This attack became known as the "Cuangar Massacre".
On December 18, the Combat of Naulila - the biggest clash in the campaign - occurs. A German force of 2000 men under the command of Major Victor Franke attack the Portuguese forces positioned at Naulila. After a stubborn resistance, the Portuguese troops are forced to withdraw towards the Humbe region, losing three officers and 66 soldiers, while the Germans lose 12 soldiers. After the explosion of the munitions magazine of the Forte Roçadas base, the Portuguese also leave the Humbe and withdraw further north.
On the July 7, 1915, the Portuguese forces under the command of General Pereira d'Eça reoccupy the Humbe region. Two days later, German forces in South West Africa surrendered, ending the South-West Africa Campaign.
Until September 1915, the Portuguese continued to be engaged in fighting in southern Angola, but now against local insurgents who had been armed and instigated by the Germans.
Notes
- ^ a b c Tucker & Wood 1996, p. 654.
- ^ a b c Crafford 2005, p. 102.
- ^ Burg & Purcell 2004, p. 59.
References
- Burg, David F.; Purcell, L. Edward (2004). Almanac of World War I (illustrated ed.). University Press of Kentucky. p. 59. ISBN 9780813190877.
- Crafford, F. S. (2005) [1943]. January Smuts: A Biography (reprint ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 9781417992904.
- Tucker, Spencer; Wood, Laura Matysek (1996). Tucker, Spencer; Wood; Murphy, Justin D.. eds. The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 654. ISBN 9780815303992.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: South-West Africa Campaign |
- Hypertext version of The Rise of the South African Reich, Brian Bunting, chapter 1. A source for the quote from Manie Maritz.
- Sol Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa: Chapter XXIII — The Boer Rebellion
- 90th anniversary of German defeat in South-West Africa from the Great War Society
- Chronology of Events in the Defense of the Portuguese African Colonies, 1914 - 1920 (in Portuguese)
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