Spatharios

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The spatharii or spatharioi (sing. Latin: spatharius, Greek: σπαθάριος, literally "pertaining to the spatha") were a class of late Roman imperial bodyguards in the court in Constantinople in the 5th-6th centuries, later becoming a purely honorary dignity in the Byzantine Empire.

History

Originally, the term was probably applied to both private and imperial bodyguards.^[1] The original imperial spatharioi were probably eunuch cubicularii (Gk. koubikoularioi), members of the sacrum cubiculum (the imperial "sacred chamber") charged with military duties. They are attested from the reign of Theodosius II, where the eunuch Chrysaphius held the post.^[2] The existence of the specific title of spatharokoubikoularios in 532 probably suggests the existence by then of other, non-eunuch spatharioi in imperial service. The various generals and provincial governors also maintained military attendants called spatharioi, whilst those of the emperor were distinguished with the prefix basilikoi ("imperial ones").^[3] The officer leading the imperial spatharioi held the title prōtospatharios ("first spatharios"), which became a separate dignity probably in the late 7th century.^[4]

By the early 8th century, these titles had lost their original military connotations and become honorific titles. The title of spatharios ranked initially quite high, being awarded for instance by Justinian II to his friend, the future emperor Leo III the Isaurian.^[5] It gradually declined however, and in the late 9th-century Klētorologion, it occupies the seventh-highest place in the hierarchy for non-eunuchs, above the hypatos and below the spatharokandidatos.^[6] According to the Klētorologion the insignia of the dignity was a gold-hilted sword.^[7] At the same time, the term oikeiakos spatharios still designated a bodyguard of the imperial oikos ("household"), as distinct from the basilikoi spatharioi who now were the holders of the honorary dignity.^[5] The term ceased to be used in these contexts after ca. 1075, and by the time Anna Komnene wrote her Alexiad, a spatharios was held to be completely insignificant.^[5]

Other occurrences

• In the Lex Alemannorum (79.7), a spatharius is a swordsmith.
• Ælfric of Eynsham glosses spatharius as "sword-bearer": "swyrd-bora. Id est, Ensifer."
• In the 12th century, the Milites Ordinis Militaris S. Jacobi de la Spatha, a Portuguese chivalric order, were known as Spatharii.
• In medieval Moldova, the Spătar was the keeper of the royal sword and bludgeon, commander of the cavalry and second-in-command of the army after the voivode.^[8]

References

Sources

• Bury, John B. (1911), The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century - With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos, Oxford University Publishing 
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 
• Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange, et al., Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, éd. augm., Niort : L. Favre, 1883‑1887, t. 7, col. 545a