Chief Spotted Elk (Heȟáka Glešká or Hupah Glešká) later to become known as Big Foot or Sitȟáŋka,[1] a derogatory name given to him by U.S. Soldiers, (1826 - December 29, 1890),[2] was the name of a chief of the Miniconjou Lakota Sioux. He was son of chief Lone Horn (Miniconjou) and became a chief upon the death of his father. He was a highly renowned chief with skills in war and negotiations. He was killed in 1890 in South Dakota, along with almost 300 other members of his tribe, by the United States Army in what came to be known as the Wounded Knee Massacre.
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Early life
Spotted Elk (Heȟáka Glešká {Lakota} or Hoh-pong-ge-le-skah {Cheyenne}) was born the son of Lakota Sioux Chief Lone Horn between 1826 into the Minneconjou ("Planters by the River") subgroup of the Teton Lakota (Sioux). He had three brothers – Frog, Roman Nose and Touch the Clouds – each of whom were to become leaders of Minneconjou bands.[3] Spotted Elk became the Chief of his tribe at his father's death at age 85 in 1875.
Chief Spotted Elk
Skillful diplomat
As Chief, Spotted Elk (later became known by the name of "Big Foot" or Sitȟáŋka) was considered a great man of peace and was best known among his people for his political and diplomatic successes. He was skilled at settling quarrels between rival parties, killing bears, and was often in great demand among other Teton bands.
Alliance with Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
During the 1870s, he allied himself with Sitting Bull and his cousin, Crazy Horse (together with Touch the Clouds) against the U.S. Army, but saw no major action during the war in 1876-77. The Miniconjou Lakota suffered during the Great Sioux War of 1876-77, after which they surrendered.
Reservation placement
Following the Sioux Wars, the government placed the Minneconjou on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in South Dakota. Spotted Elk encouraged his people to adapt to life on the reservation by developing sustainable agriculture and building schools for Lakota children. Spotted Elk was among the first American Indians to raise corn in accordance with government standards. Spotted Elk also advocated that his people take a peaceful attitude toward white settlers.
Participation in "the Ghost Dance" movement
New religious movement
Due to poor living conditions on the reservations (made worse by fraud and corruption on the part of Indian agents charged, by law, with supplying the tribe with basic necessities), the Lakota were in a state of great despair; by 1889, they began to look to a radical solution to their on-going problems.
The radical solution came in the form of "the Ghost Dance" movement; it was a new religion initiated by a Paiute prophet named Wovoka. Spotted Elk and the Lakota were among the most enthusiastic believers in the Ghost Dance ceremony when it arrived among them in the spring of 1890.
Although government-imposed reservation rules outlawed the practice of the religion, the movement swept like a wild fire through their camps, causing local Indian agents to react with alarm. Some agents successfully suppressed the dancers; others called for federal troops to restore order.
The invitation of Chief Red Cloud
After Sitting Bull was killed on the Standing Rock reservation in 1890, his followers fled to seek refuge with his half-brother, Chief Spotted Elk. In December 1890, fearing arrest and government reprisals against his band, Spotted Elk headed south to the Pine Ridge Reservation at the invitation of Chief Red Cloud. Red Cloud hoped that his fellow chief could help make peace. Hoping to find safety there, having no intention of fighting, and flying a white flag, Spotted Elk contracted pneumonia on the journey to Pine Ridge.
Death at Wounded Knee
Peaceful surrender
On December 29, the 7th Cavalry intercepted them. Ill with pneumonia, Spotted Elk surrendered peacefully. The cavalry took him and his band into custody and escorted them to a site near Wounded Knee Creek, where they were to set up camp. The campsite was already established with a store and several log houses.
Wounded Knee massacre
The night before the ‘Wounded Knee Massacre', Colonel James Forsyth had arrived at Wounded Knee Creek, and had ordered his men to place four Hotchkiss cannons in position around the area in which the Indians had been forced to camp. Morning arrived, and on 29 December 1890, what has become known as the ‘Wounded Knee Massacre’ took place. Soldiers, under the command of Colonel Forsyth, entered the camp and demanded that the Native Americans give up their weaponry. In the confrontation that ensued, a firearm was discharged, believed to be by a deaf Indian named Black Coyote who presumably did not hear the order to put down his rifle. A large gun fight ensued and the end result was the massacre of at least 150 Indian men, women and children, Spotted Elk being among one of the killed.
See also
Notes
- ^ Michno, 303
- ^ "Big Foot" by the Akta Lakota Museum and Cultural Center, undated, retrieved on 2008-10-13.
- ^ Hardorff, Richard G. (2001). The Death of Crazy Horse: A Tragic Episode in Lakota History. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 48. ISBN 0803273258.
References
- Michno, Gregory. Lakota Noon: The Indian Narrative of Custer's Defeat. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company, 1997. IBSN 978-0878423569.
- Calvin Spotted Elk, last remaining grandson
External links
- U-s-history.com, Lakota Chief Big Foot
- Indigenouspeople.net, Lakota Chief Big Foot
- Lastoftheindependents.com, Lakota Chief Big Foot and the Ghost Dance
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