Stereotypes of white people include those addressing gender, nation, class, sexuality and ability, among other topics.[1] These stereotypes are generally directed against people of European descent, including those thought of as "white," or "Caucasian."
United States
Different groups hold positive stereotypes of white people.[2][3] Literature in the field of clinical psychology has said that this type of Eurocentric favoritism is indicative of the "pre-encounter" phase in the development of black identity.[4] Some studies indicate that blacks have been unduly influenced by stereotypes of white people.[5]
However, as the social definition of "white people" has changed over the years, ethnic groups such as the English, Irish, Italians, and Slavs have been portrayed in popular media and culture in a negative fashion.[6] Studies have shown that different racial, ethnic and nationalities have different stereotypes of white people.[7][8] Other stereotypes of white people include the idea that they are all "extremely self-involved, uneducated about people other than themselves, are unable to understand the complicated ways in which people who are not white survive, and are in deep denial about racism."[9]
In a 1983 US study on the associative strength between two words, and regardless of prejudice score, subjects responded reliably faster when positive attributes (e.g., 'smart') were paired with whites than when they were paired with blacks.[10] In a study on mutual and self-perceptions of White Americans, African Americans, and Japanese Americans, White Americans were stereotyped as materialistic and pleasure-loving. A 1972 study found that, in general, whites were stereotyped with positive traits and minority groups with negative traits.[11]
The stereotypes of white people do not serve as a base for contemporary institutional discrimination; nor do they get expressed routinely in mass media, because they are the ideas of minority groups without power.[12]
South Africa
In contemporary South Africa, Boers have been portrayed by media as backward, Hitlerite, overweight, bombastic and conservative.[13]
See also
References
- ^ Kimmel, M.S. and Ferber, A.L. (2003) Privilege: A Reader. Basic Books. p 26.
- ^ Ponterotto, J.G. (1995) Handbook of Multicultural Counseling. Sage Publications, 1995. p 99.
- ^ Jarvis, M. and Russell, J. (2002) Key Ideas in Psychology. Nelson Thornes. p 131.
- ^ Patel, N. (2000) Clinical Psychology, 'Race' and Culture: A Training Manual. Blackwell Publishing, 2000. p 47.
- ^ Muran, J.C. (2007) Dialogues on Difference: Studies of Diversity in the Therapeutic Relationship. American Psychological Association. p 137.
- ^ Leo W. Jeffres, K. Kyoon Hur (1979) "White Ethnics and their Media Images", Journal of Communication 29 (1), 116–122.
- ^ Fernandez, R. America Beyond Black and White: How Immigrants and Fusions are Helping Us Overcome the Racial Divide. University of Michigan Press. p 174.
- ^ Han, A. and Hsu, J.Y. (2004) Asian American X: An Intersection of 21st Century Asian American Voices. University of Michigan Press. p 208.
- ^ Diamond, E. (1996) Performance and Cultural Politics. Routledge. p 279.
- ^ "Racial Stereotypes: Associations and Ascriptions of Positive and Negative Characteristics", Samuel L. Gaertner, John P. McLaughlin. Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Mar., 1983), pp. 23-30
- ^ Minako Kurokawa Maykovich, "Reciprocity in Racial Stereotypes: White, Black, and Yellow", The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 77, No. 5 (Mar., 1972), pp. 876-897
- ^ Crawford, Mary. Talking Difference: On Gender and Language. SAGE, 1995. ISBN 0803988281. P.96.
- ^ Fourie, P.J. (2004) Media Studies: Institutions, Theories and Issues. Juta and Company Limited. p 478.
|
Racism |
|
| History of racism |
|
 |
|
| Racist ideologies |
|
|
| Acts of racism |
|
|
| Racial violence |
|
|
| Racism against groups |
|
|
| Racist groups |
|
|
Anti-racist groups
and movements |
|
|
|
Discrimination |
|
|
|
|
|
Specific forms |
|
|
Social
|
|
|
|
Against cultures
|
|
|
|
Against religions
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Movements |
|
|
Discriminatory
|
|
|
|
Anti-discriminatory
|
|
|
|
|
|
Policies |
|
|
Discriminatory
|
|
|
|
Anti-discriminatory
|
|
|
|
Counter-discriminatory
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
