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Sthaviravāda (Sanskrit; Chinese 上座部) literally means "Teaching Of The Elders". They were one of the two main movements in early Buddhism that arose from the Great Schism, the other being that of the Mahāsāṅghika. "The Elders" referred to the Arahants and elder monks, who were naturally the leaders of the community, and whose voice and views carried more weight than more junior monks; some scholars believe that this was the primary cause of the Schism.[1]
The Sthaviravāda were the proponents of an orthodox understanding of the Buddha's teachings which later became known in Pali as the Theravāda. They criticised the Mahāsāṅghika school for adding additional rules to the Patimokkha.[citation needed]
The Schism happened between the second (350 BC) and third (250 BC) Buddhist Council. According to the Mahavamsa, after the Second Council was closed, those taking the side of junior monks monks did not accept the verdict but held an assembly of their own attended by ten thousand calling it a Mahasangiti (Great convocation) from which the school derived its name Mahāsāṅghika.
Another belief on the cause of the Great Schism, were the disagreements in the five theories about an Arahant, put forward by Mahadeva, who later founded Mahāsāṅghika. The rest of the monks who rejected the five theories named themselves as "Sthaviravāda" to differentiate from the Mahāsāṅghika.[1]
The Sthaviravāda doctrine survives today in the Theravāda tradition, but "although they share the same name (Thera and Sthavira being the Pāli and Sanskrit forms of the same word meaning 'elder'), there is no historical evidence that the Theravāda school arose until around two centuries after the Great Schism which occurred at the Council of Pāṭaliputra."[2] The Theravada is often recognized as being a continuation of the Sthaviravada, after the Third Buddhist Council.
See also
References
Sources
- Dutt, Nalinaksha (2nd ed., 1978). Buddhist Sects in India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
- Keown, Damien (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism. ISBN 0-19-860560-9.
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