| Phonation |
|---|
| Glottal states |
| From open to closed: |
| Voiceless (full airstream) |
| Breathy voice (murmur) |
| Slack voice |
| Modal voice (maximum vibration) |
| Stiff voice |
| Creaky voice (restricted airstream) |
| Glottalized (blocked airstream) |
| Supra-glottal phonation |
| Faucalized voice ("hollow") |
| Harsh voice ("pressed") |
| Strident (harsh trilled) |
| Non-phonemic phonation |
| Whisper |
| Falsetto |
 |
This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Please help improve this article by introducing appropriate citations of additional sources. (August 2008) |
The term stiff voice describes the pronunciation of consonants with a glottal opening narrower, and the vocal cords stiffer, than what occurs in modal voice. Although there is no specific IPA diacritic for stiff voice, the voicing diacritic (a subscript wedge) may be used in conjunction with the symbol for a voiced consonant.[1]
One language with stiff voice is Thai [1]
| phonation | Thai | IPA | trans. | Thai | IPA | translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stiff voice | บ้า | [b̬âː] | crazy | ด่า | [d̪̬àː] | curse, scold |
| tenuis | ป้า | [pâː] | aunt | ตา | [t̪āː] | eye |
| aspirated | ผ้า | [pʰâː] | cloth | ท่า | [t̪ʰâː] | landing place |
Javanese contrasts stiff and slack voiced bilabial, dental, retroflex, and velar stops[1]
| phonation | IPA | trans. | IPA | trans. | IPA | translation | IPA | trans. | IPA | trans. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stiff voice | [b̬aku] | nail | [d̬amu] | guest | [d̬z̬ariʔ] | sheet (of paper) | [ɖ̬iɖ̬iʔ] | little | [ɡ̌ali] | river |
| slack voice | [b̥aku] | standard | [d̥amu] | blow | [d̥z̥arit] | (type of women's clothing) | [ɖ̥isiʔ] | first | [ɡ̊ali] | dig |
References
- ^ a b c Ladefoged, Peter; Ian Maddieson (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
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