Swiss Air Force

Swiss Air Force
Founded	31 July 1914
Country	Switzerland
Role	air defense
Size	1,600 active personnel[1]
Part of	Swiss Armed Forces
Staff to the Chief of the Armed Forces	Bundeshaus Ost, Berne
Commanders
Head of the Air Force	Lieutenant General Markus Gygax
Insignia
Swiss Air Force Badge
Roundel
Aircraft flown
Electronic warfare	F-5 Tiger
Helicopter	Eurocopter Cougar/Super Puma
Interceptor	F/A-18 Hornet
Reconnaissance	ADS-95 Ranger
Trainer	Pilatus PC-7/PC-9/PC-21

The Swiss Air Force (German: Schweizer Luftwaffe; French: Forces aériennes suisses; Italian: Forze Aeree Svizzere) is the air component of the Swiss Armed Forces. It was established on July 31, 1914 but did not become a separate service until 1936, and an independent service separate from the Army until 1 January 1996.

The Swiss Air Force has seven air bases, the most important of these being Payerne, in western Switzerland. The others are the helicopter base at Alpnach and bases at Bern, Emmen, Meiringen, Sion and Locarno. The air force currently operates 248 aircraft and plans to down-size its fleet and personnel number in order to become a more professional service.

Contents 1 History 2 Mission 3 Current state 3.1 Structure 3.2 Air defence 4 Inventory 4.1 Aircraft 4.2 Helicopters 4.3 Anti-aircraft 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links

History

The history of the Swiss Air Force began in 1914 with the establishment of an ad hoc force consisting of a handful of men in outdated and largely civilian aircraft.^[2] It was only in the 1930s that an effective air force was established at great cost, capable of inflicting several embarrassing defeats on the Nazi Luftwaffe in the course of an initially vigorous defence of neutral Swiss airspace.^[3] The Swiss Air Force as an autonomous military service was created in October 1936.^[2] After World War II it was renamed the Swiss Air Force and Anti-Aircraft Command (Schweizerische Flugwaffe Kommando der Flieger und Fliegerabwehrtruppen) and in 1996 became a separate service independent from the Army, under its present name Schweizer Luftwaffe.^[4]

The mission of the Swiss Air Force historically has been to support ground troops (erdkampf) in repelling invasions of neutral Swiss territory, with a secondary mission of defending the sovereignty of Swiss airspace. During World War II this doctrine was severely tested when Switzerland was literally caught in the middle of an air war and subjected to both attacks and intrusions by aircraft of all combatants.^[3] Its inability to prevent such violations of its neutrality led for a period to a complete cessation of air intercepts, followed by a practice of coercing small numbers of intruders to submit to internment.^[5]

At the end of the 1950s, reflecting both the threat of possible invasion by the Soviet Union and the realities of nuclear warfare, Swiss military doctrine changed to that of a dynamic (mobile) defense that included missions for the Swiss Air Force outside of its territory, in order to defeat standoff attacks and nuclear threats, including the possibility of defensive employment of air-delivered nuclear weapons.^[6] However the inability to field an air force of sufficient capability to carry out such missions led to a return of traditional doctrine.^[7]

Mission

In 1995 the Swiss abandoned traditional doctrine and implemented a defensive plan that made control of Swiss airspace its highest and main priority. Modernization of the Swiss Air Force to achieve this mission was subject to popular referenda challenging its cost and practice.^[4]

The missions of the Swiss Air Force are as follows:^[4]

• Protecting Switzerland’s airspace.
  • Guaranteeing air sovereignty (including air policing tasks).
• Guaranteeing air defence.
• Carrying out air transport operations.
• Gathering and disseminating intelligence for political and military leadership.

Current state

The Swiss Air Force has been traditionally a militia-based service, including its pilots, with an inventory of approximately 456 aircraft whose lengthy service lives (many for more than 30 years) overlapped several eras. Beginning with its separation from the Army in 1996, however, the Air Force has been down-sizing, now approximating 248 fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, and moving more towards a smaller professional cadre with fewer reserves.^[8] Currently, the Swiss Air Force has a peacetime strength of around 1,600 full-time personnel with recall to about 21,500 reservists.^[1]

Its primary front-line air-defence fleet consists of 33 F-18 Hornets and 54 remaining F-5 Tiger IIs of the 110 originally purchased between 1978 and 1985.^[9] In October 2008 the Swiss Hornet fleet reached the 50,000 flight hour milestone.^[10] Despite their age, all the Swiss Hornet remain highly capable due to the Upgrade 21 (UG21) programme conducted between 2004 and 2009 at RUAG, while another Mid-Life Update (MLU) will begin shortly.^[11] By 2010 the Swiss Air Force intends to begin the Partial Tiger Replacement programme of the F-5 in the remaining squadrons that use it and hopes to acquire 22 new fighters, choosing between JAS 39 Gripen, Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale.^[12][13] However, the procurement of new fighter aircraft would almost certainly face political opposition from Switzerland's left-wing, anti-army and green groups.^[12] Patrouille Suisse, the Swiss national aerobatic team, which also operates the F-5, will need to change to a new aircraft, either the F/A-18 Hornet or the new fighter, but its future remains unclear.^[14]

By 2011 the Swiss Air Force will also be retiring its fleet of 60 Aérospatiale Alouette III, which will be replaced in due course by 2 VIP configuration Eurocopter EC-135s and 18 EC-635s.^[8] The first EC-635 was delivered on 12 March 2008.^[15]

A report in the Swiss news magazine FACTS reveals that the Swiss Air Force only provides ready-to-take-off aircraft during office hours – on working days. The air force staff declared that, due to financial limits, they are not operational all the time.^[16] The difficulty of defending Swiss airspace is illustrated by the mountainous character and the small size of the country; the maximum extension of Switzerland is 348 km, a distance that can be flown in little over 20 minutes by commercial aircraft. The noise abatement issues have always been a traditional problem for the SAF because of the Swiss tourist industry.^[17] Mainly due to these reasons, the SAF regularly participates in air-defence training missions with their Belgian, French and German counterparts, as well as NATO exercises. In recent years this included operations for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, the Euro 2008 football championships and the annual World Economic Forum.^[17]

Structure

The operational wartime order of battle of the Swiss Air Force is as follows:^[18][19] Headquarters, Swiss Air Force - Bern

• 2nd Air Base - headquartered at Alpnach
  • 2nd Air Transport Wing - headquartered at Alpnach
    • 6th Air Transport Squadron - operating Allouette III/ASS332M-1/AS 532UL^{[nb 1]}
    • 8th Air Transport Squadron - operating Alouette III/AS 332M-1/AS 532UL
  • 3rd Air Transport Wing - headquartered at Dübendorf
    • 3rd Air Transport Squadron - operating Alouette III/AS 332M-1/AS 532UL
    • 4th Air Transport Squadron - operating Alouette III/AS 332M-1/AS 532UL
• 7th Air Base - headquartered at Emmen
  • 7th UAV Squadron - operating ADS-95
  • 7th Air Transport Squadron - operating Pilatus PC-6
• 11th Air Base - headquartered at Payerne
  • 1st Air Transport Wing - headquartered at Payerne
    • 1st Air Transport Squadron La Une - operating Alouette III/AS 332M-1/AS 532UL
    • 5th Air Transport Squadron - operating Alouette III/AS 332M-1/AS 532UL
  • 11th Fighter Aviation Wing - headquartered at Payerne
    • 6th Fighter Aviation Squadron - operating F-5E
    • 17th Fighter Aviation Squadron - operating F/A-18C/D
  • 12th Air Target Squadron -operating Pilatus PC-9/F-5E
• 13th Air Base - headquartered at Meiringen
  • 13th Fighter Aviation Wing - headquartered at Meiringen
    • 8th Fighter Aviation Squadron - operating F-5E / F/A-18C/D
    • 11th Fighter Aviation Squadron - operating F/A-18C/D
• 14th Air Base - headquartered at Sion
  • 14th Fighter Aviation Wing - headquartered at Sion^{[nb 2]}
    • 18th Fighter Aviation Squadron - operating F/A-18C/D
    • 19th Fighter Aviation Squadron - operating F-5E
• 4th Transport Aviation Wing - headquartered at Bern (VIP flights)

Air defence

The high level air defence of the Swiss national airspace is the responsibility of the FLORAKO (German: FLugsicherungs Operations RAdar KOmmandosystem – Flight Operations Radar and Comumunications System), which operates a series of all-weather day/night fixed sites.^[11] The first FLORAKO units became active in 2003 and the operational lifetime of the FLORAKO system is guaranteed for at least 25 years. The system can be further supplemented by a series of TAFLIR mobile radars, a variant of the Northrop Grumman AN/TPS-75 deployable in areas of difficult terrain or where specific coverage is needed.^[11]

The Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD) is currently headquartered at Emmen and achieves its task by operating a combination of radar-guided mobile Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannons, MBDA FIM-92 Stinger and Rapier surface-to-air missile systems.^[11]

Inventory

Aircraft

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Versions	In service[8]	Notes
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet	United States	Multi-role fighter	F/A-18C	26
			F/A-18D	7
Northrop F-5 Tiger II	United States	Fighter	F-5E	54	Currently used only for aerobatics, target-towing and electronic warfare training - scheduled to be completely replaced by 2015.[1]
			F-5F	12
Pilatus PC-7 Turbo Trainer	Switzerland	Trainer	PC-7	33	24 aircraft will receive a new cockpit (glass cockpit, updated avionics), the remaining 9 PC-7 will be sold.[20]
Pilatus PC-9	Switzerland	Trainer	PC-9/F	11
Pilatus PC-21	Switzerland	Advanced trainer	PC-21	6
Beechcraft 1900	United States	VIP Transport	1900D	1
DHC-6 Twin Otter	Canada	Photographic mapping	DHC-6	1
Beechcraft Super King Air	United States	Photographic mapping	350C	1
Pilatus PC-6 Turbo-Porter	Switzerland	Light transport	PC-6/B2-H2M-1	15
Dassault Falcon 50	France	VIP transport	Falcon 50	1
Cessna Citation Excel	United States	VIP transport	Ce-560XL	1
ADS-95 Ranger	Switzerland	UAV	ADS-95	24

Source: Swiss Armed Forces - Air Force assets (p. 12);^[21] Schweizer Luftwaffe - Mittel: Flugzeuge, Helikopter, Flab^[22]

Helicopters

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Versions	In service[8]	Notes
Aérospatiale Super Puma	France	Transport	AS332M1	15
Eurocopter Cougar	France	Transport	AS532UL	12
Eurocopter EC 635	Germany	Utility	EC 635	18	Currently being delivered
		VIP transport	EC 135 VIP	2
Aérospatiale Alouette III	France	Utility	SA316B	20	Being replaced by EC 635

Source: Swiss Armed Forces - Air Force assets (p. 12);^[21] Schweizer Luftwaffe - Mittel: Flugzeuge, Helikopter, Flab^[22]

Anti-aircraft

Name	Origin	Type	In service	Notes
Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon	Switzerland	anti-aircraft guns	45	known as "Flab Kanone 63/90"
FIM-92 Stinger	United States	anti-aircraft guided missile	288
Rapier missile	United Kingdom	anti-aircraft guided missile	54	known as "Mobile Lenkwaffen Flugabwehr"

Source: Swiss Armed Forces - Air Force assets (p. 12);^[21] Schweizer Luftwaffe - Mittel: Flugzeuge, Helikopter, Flab^[22]

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

• Force Report: Swiss Air Force, Air Forces Monthly magazine in association with Air Forces Intelligence - The Online Air Arms Database, September 2009 issue.
• Lombardi, Fiona (2007). The Swiss Air Power: Wherefrom? Whereto?. Zürich University. ISBN 978-3728130990. 
• Roman Schürmann: Helvetische Jäger. Dramen und Skandale am Militärhimmel. Rotpunktverlag, Zürich 2009, ISBN 978-3-85869-406-5

External links

• Official website
• Swiss Air Force 21st Century - Unofficial web site about the contemporary Swiss Air Force

• Media related to Air force of Switzerland at Wikimedia Commons

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