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In phonology, a syllable coda comprises the consonant sounds of a syllable that follow the nucleus, which is usually a vowel. The combination of a nucleus and a coda is called a rime. A coda is not required in syllables. Some languages' phonotactics, like that of Japanese, limit syllable codas to a small group of single consonants, whereas others can have any consonant phoneme or even clusters of consonants in syllable codas.
Here are some single-syllable words with codas: (the codas are specified in the International Phonetic Alphabet)
- an: coda = /n/
- cup: coda = /p/
- tall: coda = /l/
- milk: coda = /lk/
- tints: coda = /nts/
- fifths: coda = /fθs/
- sixths: coda = /ksθs/
- twelfths: coda = /lfθs/
The following single-syllable words end in a nucleus and do not have a coda:
- glue
- pie
- though
- boy
Examples of syllable codas
The following table gives examples of syllable codas with different structures (mostly from English, but sourced from other languages where necessary).
| Plosive: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ | tap, tub, hat, cod, luck, bag |
| Two plosives: /pt/, /bd/, /kt/, /gd/, | kept, rubbed, act, bagged |
| Two plosives + fricative: /pts/, /kts/ | opts, acts |
| Plosive + fricative: /pθ/, /ps/, /bz/, /ts/, /tθ/, /ks/, /kθ/, /gz/, /dz/ | depth, laps, rubs, hits, eighth, box, sixth (some dialects), bugs, adze |
| Plosive + fricative + plosive: /pst/, /kst/, /tst/ | lapsed, next, couldst |
| Plosive + two fricatives: /pθs/, /tθs/, /ksθ/, /kθs/ | depths, breadths, sixth, sixths (some dialects) |
| Plosive + three fricatives: /ksθs/, | sixths |
| Fricative: /s/, /z/, /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ç/, /x/ | hiss, buzz, leaf, leave, both, loathe, ash, beige, G ich, loch |
| The affricates /pf/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ | German Napf, touch, age |
| Fricative + plosive: /ft/, /vd/, /sp/, /sk/, /st/, /zd/, /ðd/, /ʃt/, /tʃt/, /dʒd/, /çt/, /xt/, | left, loved, crisp, ask, lost, buzzed, loathed, crashed, touched, wedged, G nicht, G acht |
| Fricative + two plosives: /spt/, /skt/ | lisped, asked |
| Fricative + plosive + fricative: /fts/, /sps/, /sts/, /sks/, /çts/, /xts/ | clefts, crisps, fasts, risks, G nichts, G achts |
| Two fricatives: /fs/, /fθ/, /vz/, /θs/, /ðz/, | hoofs, fifth, loves, moths, loathes |
| Three fricatives: /fθs/ | fifths |
| Nasal: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ | dam, ten, sing |
| Nasal + plosive: /mp/, /mt/, /md/, /nt/, /nd/, /ŋk/, /ŋd/ | jump, dreamt, alarmed, tent, end, pink, hanged |
| Nasal + two plosives: /mpt/, /ŋkt/, | bumped, distinct |
| Nasal + two plosives + fricative: /mpts/ | prompts |
| Nasal + plosive + fricative: /mps/, /nts/, /ndz/, /ntθ/, /ŋks/ | imps, ants, ends, thousandth, jinx |
| Nasal + plosive + two fricatives: /ntθs/ | thousandths |
| Nasal + plosive + fricative + plosive: /mpst/, /ŋkst/ | glimpsed, jinxed |
| Nasal + fricative: /mf/, /mz/, /mθ/, /nf/, /ns/, /nz/, /nθ/, /nʃ/, /ntʃ/, /ndʒ/, /ŋz/, /ŋθ/ | triumph, arms, warmth, G Senf, prince, bronze, month, G mensch, lunch, lounge, hangs, length |
| Nasal + fricative + plosive: /mft/, /nst/, /nsk/, /nzd/, /ntʃt/, /ndʒd/, /ŋst/ | triumphed, rinsed, Minsk, bronzed, lunched, lounged, angst |
| Nasal + fricative + plosive + fricatives: /nsks/, /ŋsts/ | Minsk's, angsts, |
| Nasal + two fricatives: /mfs/, /mθs/, /nθs/, /ŋθs/ | triumphs, warmths, ninths, lengths |
| Lateral: /l/, | hall, |
| Lateral approximant + plosive: /lp/, /lb/, /lt/, /ld/, /lk/, /lg/ | help, bulb, belt, hold, milk, ??? |
| Lateral approximant + two plosives: /lpt/, /lkt/, | helped, milked |
| Lateral approximant + two plosives + fricative: /lpts/, /lkts/ | sculpts, mulcts |
| Lateral approximant + plosive + fricative: /lps/, /lbz/, /lts/, /ldz/, /lks/, /lgz/ | helps, bulbs, belts, holds, elks, ??? |
| Lateral approximant + fricative or affricate: /lf/, /lv/, /ls/, /lz/, /lθ/, /lʃ/, /ltʃ/, /ldʒ/ | golf, solve, else, bells, wealth, Welsh, belch, bulge |
| Lateral approximant + fricative or affricate + plosive; /lft/, /lvd/, /lst/, /lzd/, /lʃt/, /ltʃt/, /ldʒd/ | engulfed, delved, whilst, ballsed, welshed, belched, bulged |
| Lateral + fricative + plosive + fricative: /lfts/, /lsts/ | Delft's, Holst's |
| Lateral + two fricatives: /lfs/, /lfθ/ /lvz/, /lθs/, | gulfs, twelfth, wolves, health's |
| Lateral + three fricatives: /lfθs/, | twelfths |
| Lateral approximant + nasal: /lm/, /ln/ | film, kiln |
| Lateral approximant + nasal + plosive: /lmd/, /lnd/ | filmed, kilned |
| Lateral + nasal + fricative: /lmz/, /lnz/ | films, kilns |
| R (the following rows only apply in rhotic accents): /r/ | bar |
| R + plosive: /rp/, /rb/, /rt/, /rd/, /rk/, /rg/ | burp, orb, fort, bird, ark, morgue |
| R + two plosives: /rpt/, /rkt/ | burped, barked |
| R + two plosives + fricative: /rpts/ | excerpts |
| R + plosive + fricative: /rps/, /rbz/, /rts/, /rdz/, /rks/, /rgz/ | harps, orbs, forts, birds, arks, morgues |
| R + fricative or affricate: /rf/, /rv/, /rs/, /rz/, /rθ/, /rʃ/, /rtʃ/, /rdʒ/ | turf, carve, purse, cars, hearth, harsh, arch, barge |
| R + fricative or affricate + plosive: /rft/, /rvd/, /rst/, /rzd/, /rʃt/, /rʒd/ /rtʃt/, /rdʒd/ | turfed, carved, first, ???, German beherrscht, ???, arched, barged |
| R + fricative + plosive + fricative: /rsts/ | karsts |
| R + two fricatives: /rfs/, /rvz/, /rθs/, | turfs, carves, hearths |
| R + nasal or approximant: /rl/, /rm/, /rn/, | curl, firm, barn |
| R + nasal or approximant + stop: /rld/, /rmd/, /rnd/, | curled, armed, burned |
| R + nasal + fricative: /rls/, /rms/, /rns/ | curls, arms, burns |
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