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 Tamarack Larch in fall colors, with Black Spruce
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| Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch |
Tamarack Larch, or Tamarack or American Larch[2] (Larix laricina) is a species of larch native to northern North America, mainly in Canada, from eastern Yukon and Inuvik, Northwest Territories east to Newfoundland, and also south into the northeastern United States from Minnesota to Cranesville Swamp, West Virginia; there is also a disjunct population in central Alaska. The name Tamarack is the Algonquian Native American name for the species.
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Morphology
It is a small to medium-size deciduous coniferous tree reaching 10-20 m tall, with a trunk up to 60 cm diameter. The bark is tight and flaky, brown, but under flaking bark it can appear reddish. The leaves are needle-like, 2-3 cm long, light blue-green, turning bright yellow before they fall in the autumn, leaving the pale pinkish-brown shoots bare until the next spring. The needles are produced spirally on long shoots and in dense clusters on short woody spur shoots. The cones are the smallest of any larch, only 1-2.3 cm long, with 12-25 seed scales; they are bright red, turning brown and opening to release the seeds when mature, 4–6 months after pollination.
Distribution and ecology
It is very cold tolerant, able to survive winter temperatures down to at least -65°C, and commonly occurs at the arctic tree line at the edge of the tundra. Trees in these severe climatic conditions are smaller than further south, often only 5 m tall. Tamarack is commonly found in swamps, though also occasionally grows on drier sandy soils. While extremely tolerant of different soil types, the Tamarack is very sensitive to shading, and so it often gets pushed to more marginal soil types by more vigorous species.
After formation of a climax bog, sedge mats may form, and Tamarack Larch is typically an early invader.[3]
The central Alaskan population, separated from the eastern Yukon populations by a gap of about 700 km, is treated as a distinct variety Larix laricina var. alaskensis by some botanists, though others argue that it is not sufficiently distinct to be distinguished.
Uses
The wood is tough and durable, but also flexible in thin strips, and was used by the Algonquian people for making snowshoes and other products where toughness was required. The natural crooks located in the stumps and roots are also preferred for creating knees in wooden boats.
It is also grown as an ornamental tree in gardens in cold regions, and is a favorite tree for bonsai. Tamarack Trees were used before 1917 in Alberta to mark the North East Corner of Sections surveyed within Townships. They were used by the surveyors because at that time the very rot resistant wood was readily available in the bush and was light to carry.
According to 'Aboriginal Plant Use in Canada's Northwest Boreal Forest', the inner bark has also been used as a poultice to treat cuts, infected wounds, frostbite, boils and hemorrhoids. The outer bark and roots are also said to have been used with another plant as a treatment for arthritis, cold and general aches and pains.
Tamarack is the Territorial tree of Northwest Territories. It is mentioned in the Ernest Hemingway short story 'The Battler' from In Our Time. It also is the name of a tennis and soccer camp in the White Mountains of New Hampshire run by skier Bode Miller's family, and the four-season Tamarack Resort and ski area in central Idaho.
References
- Flora of North America: Larix laricina
- Gymnosperm Database. 2008. Larix laricina
- C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Black Spruce: Picea mariana, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Larix laricina |
Line notes
- ^ Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Larix laricina. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
- ^ Gymnosperm Database. 2008
- ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2008
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Wikispecies has information related to: Tamarack Larch |
Images
 Young tree with fall colors |
 Larix Laricina Bonsai |
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