is defined as the condition of being without children. Childlessness may have personal, social and/or political significance. There are two distinguishable types of childlessness, voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary childlessness, also described as childfree, is a consequence of having made a decision not to reproduce. To be childless not by choice is defined as involuntary childlessness.

Beth Cooper-Hilbert has written:

'Infertility and involuntary childlessness' -- subject(s): Childlessness, Infertility, Marital psychotherapy, Psychological aspects, Psychological aspects of Childlessness, Psychological aspects of Infertility, Social aspects, Social aspects of Infertility

Patricia S. George has written:

'An examination of attitudes of college students toward voluntary childlessness' -- subject(s): College students, Childlessness, Psychology

Jeanne Safer has written:

'Cain's legacy' -- subject(s): Families, Brothers and sisters

'Beyond motherhood' -- subject(s): Case studies, Childlessness, Psychological aspects, Psychological aspects of Childlessness, Psychology, Women

Economic status , birth control, difference opinons changing values