| The Dharma Bums | |
|---|---|
 1st edition |
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| Author | Jack Kerouac |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genre(s) | Novel |
| Publisher | Harcourt Brace |
| Publication date | 1958 |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | Approx. 256 pp |
| ISBN | 0-14-004252-0 |
| OCLC Number | 23051682 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.54 20 |
| LC Classification | PS3521.E735 D48 1990 |
| Preceded by | The Subterraneans (1958) |
| Followed by | Doctor Sax (1959) |
- This is an article about the novel by Jack Kerouac. For the band, see Dharma Bums.
The Dharma Bums is a 1958 novel by Beat Generation author Jack Kerouac. The semi-fictional accounts in the novel are based upon events that occurred years after the events of On the Road. The main characters are the narrator Ray Smith, based on Kerouac, and Japhy Ryder, based on the poet, essayist Gary Snyder, who was instrumental in Kerouac's introduction to Buddhism in the mid-1950s. The book largely concerns duality in Kerouac's life and ideals, examining the relationship that the outdoors, bicycling, mountaineering, hiking and hitchhiking through the West had with his "city life" of jazz clubs, poetry readings, and drunken parties.
One episode in the book features Smith, Ryder and Henry Morley (based on real-life friend John Montgomery) climbing Matterhorn Peak in California. It tells the story of Kerouac's first introduction to this type of mountaineering and would serve as inspiration for him to spend the following summer as a fire lookout for the United States Forest Service on Desolation Peak in Washington. The novel also gives an account of the legendary 1955 Six Gallery reading, where Allen Ginsberg gave a debut presentation of his poem "Howl" (changed to "Wail" in the book), and other authors such as Snyder, Kenneth Rexroth, Michael McClure, and Philip Whalen performed.
Contents |
Plot summary
Ray Smith's story is driven by Japhy, whose penchant for the simple life and Zen Buddhism greatly influenced Kerouac on the eve of the sudden and unpredicted success of On the Road. The action shifts between the events of Smith and Ryder's "city life," such as three-day parties and enactments of the Buddhist "Yab-Yum" rituals, to the sublime and peaceful imagery where Kerouac seeks a type of transcendence. The novel concludes with a change in narrative style, with Kerouac working alone as a fire lookout on Desolation Peak (adjacent to Hozomeen Mountain), in what would soon be declared North Cascades National Park (see also Desolation Angels). These elements place The Dharma Bums at a critical junction foreshadowing the consciousness-probing works of several authors in the 1960s such as Timothy Leary and Ken Kesey.[citation needed] In an oddity, near the end of Chapter 23, there is this line: "I had a dollar left and Gary was waiting for me at the shack." Somehow both Kerouac and the editors missed that "Gary" was not changed to "Japhy."
Character Key
"Because of the objections of my early publishers I was not allowed to use the same personae names in each work." [2]
| Real-life person | Character name |
|---|---|
| Jack Kerouac | Ray Smith |
| Caroline Kerouac | Nin |
| Carolyn Cassady | Evelyn |
| Neal Cassady | Cody Pomeray |
| Claude Dalenberg | Bud Diefendorf |
| Allen Ginsberg | Alvah Goldbook |
| Natalie Jackson | Rosie Buchanan |
| Philip Lamantia | Francis DaPavia |
| Michael McClure | Ike O'Shay |
| Locke McCorkle | Sean Monahan |
| John Montgomery | Henry Morley |
| Peter Orlovsky | George |
| Kenneth Rexroth | Rheinhold Cacoethes |
| Gary Snyder | Japhy Ryder |
| Alan Watts | Arthur Whane |
| Philip Whalen | Warren Coughlin |
But, Kerouac was not always conscientious about masking the identities of his friends. At the end of Chapter 23, he says "I had a dollar left and Gary was waiting for me at the shack."
Reception
Reviewers criticized Dharma Bums for being spiritually crude and lacking seriousness. Ruth Fuller Sasaki found it a good portrait of Snyder, but thought Kerouac knew nothing about Buddhism. She wrote to Snyder, "His Buddhism is the most garbled and mistaken I have read in many a day ... I think everyone grants Kerouac's sensitivity of reaction and his ability to vividly write those reactions. I found the first mountain climbing episode quite exciting. But as a novelist he shows no talent whatsoever and no imagination."[3] Alan Watts discounted it as "Beat Zen": "a shade too self-conscious, too subjective, and too strident to have the flavor of Zen."[4]
Snyder wrote Kerouac, "Dharma Bums is a beautiful book, & I am amazed & touched that you should say so many nice things about me because that period was for me really a great process of learning from you...." but confided to Philip Whalen, "I do wish Jack had taken more trouble to smooth out dialogues, etc. Transitions are rather abrupt sometimes."[5] Later, Snyder chided Kerouac for the book's misogynistic interpretation of Buddhism.[6]
See also
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: The Dharma Bums |
External links
Notes
References
- Kerouac, Jack. The Dharma Bums (1958) ISBN 0-14-004252-0
- Stirling, Isabel. "Zen Pioneer: The Life & Works of Ruth Fuller Sasaki" (2006) Shoemaker & Hoard. ISBN 978-1-59376-110-3
- Suiter, John. Poets on the Peaks (2002) Counterpoint. ISBN 1582431485; ISBN 1-58243-294-5 (pbk)
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