The G clef is one of many clefs used in music, and the different
clefs represent different ranges of notes. Different clefs
accommodate different instruments, depending on their ranges. The G
clef is one of the better known clefs; it is a mid-range clef and
along with the F clef it is standard for almost all piano music.
You will note that the fancy "G" that is the symbol for the clef
forms an 'x' over the fourth line down in the clef, the line that
represents the note 'g'. This is the g one fifth above 'middle c'
on the piano, and it is a whole step below the 'a' that has a
frequency of 880 cps. The 'a' below middle c on the piano is tuned
at 440 cps, the current standard pitch for most musical
purposes.
Clefs do not always represent absolute frequencies for every
application. I believe that sopranos and altos, while they use the
G clef, in reality produce tones that are an octave above the
standard suggested pitches. The use of clefs is a matter of
convention and convenience.