An enzyme present in many species of micro-organisms, plants, and fish which splits thiamin (vitamin B1), forming products that have anti-vitamin activity. Non-enzymic cleavage of thiamin, for example by polyphenols, is also sometimes called thiaminase action. Chastek paralysis in foxes and mink fed diets rich in raw fish, and blind staggers in horses and other animals eating bracken fern, are due to acute vitamin B1 deficiency caused by dietary thiaminase.
Thiaminase
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An enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of thiamin into a pyrimidine and a thiazole derivative. Is present in some ferns, e.g. bracken, and in some species of fish so that diets containing these materials are likely to be deficient in thiamin.
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Thiaminase is an enzyme that metabolizes or breaks down thiamine into two molecular parts.
The old name was "Aneurinase". [1]
There are two types: [2]
Sources
Source include:
- Bracken (brake), Nardoo and other plants.[3]
- Some fish including carp and goldfish.[4]
- A few strains of bacteria like Bacillus thiaminolyticus[5], Bacillus aneurinolyticus[6], or Bacillus subtilis.[7]
- An African silk worm, Anaphe venata[8]
Effects
Its physiological meaning for the plant, fish, bacterial cell or insect is not known.
It was first described as the cause of highly mortal ataxic neuropathy in fur producing foxes eating raw entrails of river fish like carp in 1941.
It is also known as the etiology of cerebrocortical necrosis of cattle and polioencephalomalasia of sheep eating thiaminase containing plants.[9][10]
It was once causing economical losses in raising fisheries, e.g. in yellowtail fed raw anchovy as a sole feed for a certain period, and also in sea bream and rainbow trout. The same problem is being studied in a natural food chain system.[11]
The larvae of a wild silk worm Anaphe venata are being consumed in a rain forest district of Nigeria as a supplemental protein nutrition, and the heat resistant thiaminase in it is causing an acute seasonal cerebellar ataxia.[12]
In 1860-61 - Burke and Wills were the first Europeans to cross Australia south to north; on their return they subsisted primarily on raw nardoo-fern and died of beriberi because of the extremely high thiaminase content in an otherwise thiamine-poor diet.[2]
References
- ^ Fujita A, Nose Y, Kozuka S et al. (1952). "Studies on thiaminase". J.Biol.Chem. 196: 289–295.
- ^ a b Thiaminases
- ^ NcCleary BV and Chick BF. (1977). "The purification and properties of a thiaminaseI from Nardoo (Marsilea drummondii)". Phytochemistry 16: 207–213. doi:.
- ^ Boś M, Kozik A (2000). "Some molecular and enzymatic properties of a homogeneous preparation of thiaminase I purified from carp liver". J Protein Chem 19 (2): 75–84. doi:. PMID 10945431.
- ^ Wittliff JL and Airth RL. (1968). "The extracellular thiaminase I of Bacillus thiaminolyticus I. Purification and physicochemical properties". Biochemistry 7: 736–44. doi:.
- ^ Nakatsuka T, Suzuki K, Nakano Y, Kitaoka S. (1988). "Physicochemical properties of intracellular thiaminase II of Bacillus aneurinolyticus". Vitamins (Japan) 62: 15–22.
- ^ Toms A, Haas A, Park J, Begley T, Ealick S (2005). "Structural characterization of the regulatory proteins TenA and TenI from Bacillus subtilis and identification of TenA as a thiaminase II". Biochemistry 44 (7): 2319–29. doi:. PMID 15709744.
- ^ Nishimune T, Watanabe Y, Okazaki H, Akai H. (2000). "Thiamin is decomposed due to Anaphe spp. entomophagy in seasonal ataxia patients in Nigeria". J.Nutr. 130: 1625–28.
- ^ Ramos J, Marca C, Loste A, García de Jalón J, Fernández A, Cubel T (2003). "Biochemical changes in apparently normal sheep from flocks affected by polioencephalomalacia". Vet Res Commun 27 (2): 111–24. doi:. PMID 12718505.
- ^ Evans WC. (1975). "Thiaminases and their effects on animals". Vitamins and Hormones 33: 467–504. doi:.
- ^ Fisher JP, Brown SB, Wooster GW and Bowser PR. (1998). "Maternal blood, egg and larval thiamin levels correlate with larval survival in landlocked Atlantic salmon". J.Nutr. 128: 2456–66.
- ^ Adamolekun B, Adamolekun WE, Sonibare AD and Sofowora G. (1944). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of thiamin hydrochloride in a seasonal ataxia in Nigerians". Neurology 44: 549–51.
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