Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
The Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (Chinese: 三皇五帝; pinyin: Sānhuáng wǔdì; Wade-Giles: San-huang wu-ti) were mythological rulers of China during the period from c. 2852 BCE to 2205 BCE, which is the time preceding the Xia Dynasty.
(Actually, the translation of 帝 dì/dei5 is a problematic one in that it is most often translated using its modern sense, which did not arise until after the advent of an imperial state under 秦始皇 Qínshĭhuáng/Cen4héi2wong4. Its original meaning, and the most likely translation thereof, is that of supreme being, a kind of Übermann, rather than 'emperor'. The character 帝 originally represented a shaman wearing a liturgical mantel.)
The Three Sovereigns
The Three Sovereigns, sometimes known as the Three August Ones, were said to be god-kings or demigods who used their magical powers to improve the lives of their people. Because of their lofty virtue they lived to a great age and ruled over a period of great peace.
The Three Sovereigns are ascribed various identities in different Chinese historical texts. The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian states that they were:
- The Heavenly Sovereign (天皇);
- The Earthly Sovereign (地皇);
- The Human Sovereign (泰皇 or 人皇),
The Yundou shu (運斗樞) and Yuanming bao (元命苞) identify them as:
Both Fuxi, and also Nüwa, are the god and goddess husband and wife credited with being the ancestors of humankind after a devastating flood. The invention of the Primal Arrangement of the Eight Trigrams (Xian Tian Ba Gua, 先天八卦) is attributed to Fuxi. Shennong invented farming and is the first to use herbs for medical purposes.
The I Ching, starts like this: “In the old times of King Fuxi’s regime, he observed sky and the stars when he looks upwards, and researched the earth when he looks downwards, and watched the birds and beasts to see how they live in their environment. He took examples from nearby and far away, and then made 8 Yin Yang signs to simulate the rules of universe...After Fuxi died, Shennong rises. He made Plow and teach people how to raise crops and fishing. He invented money and market for the exchange of goods."
The Shangshu dazhuan (尚書大傳) and Baihu tongyi (白虎通義) replace Nüwa with Suiren (燧人), the inventor of fire. The Diwang shiji (帝王世紀) replaces Nüwa with the Yellow Emperor (黄帝), the supposed ancestor of all Han Chinese people.
The Five Emperors
The Five Emperors were legendary, morally perfect sage-kings. According to the Records of the Grand Historian they were:
- The Yellow Emperor (黄帝)
- Zhuanxu (顓頊)
- Emperor Ku (帝嚳)
- Emperor Yao (堯)
- Emperor Shun (舜)
Yao and Shun are also known as the Two Emperors, and, along with Yu the Great (禹), founder of the Xia dynasty, were considered to be model rulers and moral exemplars by Confucians in later Chinese history. The Shangshu Xu (尚書序) and Diwang shiji include Shaohao (少昊) instead of the Yellow Emperor.
The Song of Chu (楚辭) identifies the Five Emperors as directional gods:
- Shaohao (east)
- Zhuanxu (north)
- Yellow Emperor (center)
- Shennong (west)
- Fuxi (south)
The Book of Rites (禮記) equates the Five Emperors with the Five Lineages (五氏), which comprise:
All these emperors are only people with great contribution or famous rulers of tribe unions. From Bamboo Annals, Classic of History their positions are elected by other chiefs in the tribe unions. When they die their children may succeed the positions of the ruler of their own tribe but not the position of the ruler of the tribe union. Their power is much less than the Chinese emperors from the first historical Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇), who coined a new term for "Emperor" (huangdi 皇帝) by combining the titles of "sovereign" (huang 皇) and "god-king" (di 帝) and have absolute power over the people.
See also
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Topics in Chinese
mythology
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| General topics: | Creation myth · Astrology · Dragons · Religion in China Folk religion ·List of deities · I Ching |
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| Important beings: | Deities · Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors · Eight Immortals | |
| Mythical creatures: |
Xuán Wǔ · Qīng Lóng · Bái Hǔ · Zhū Què |
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| Mythical places: | Xuanpu · Yaochi ·
Fusang · Queqiao Penglai · Longmen · Diyu |
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| Literary sources: | Shan Hai Jing · Shui Jing Zhu · Ten Brothers · Hei'an
Zhuan Fengshen Yanyi · Journey to the West · Baishe Zhuan Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio |
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zh-classical:五帝ru-sib:Пора Трьох Прекляшшых и Пети Анператоров
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