Tighina

Bender Bendery, Tighina
Transfiguration Cathedral
Flag Coat of arms
Municipality of Bender (in red)
Coordinates: 46°50′N 29°29′W / 46.833°N 29.483°W / 46.833; -29.483
Country	Moldova
Autonomous Region	Transnistria
Founded	1408
Government
- Mayor	Vyacheslav Kogut
Area
- Total	97.29 km2 (37.6 sq mi)
Population (2004)
- Total	97,027
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)

Bender,^[1] also known as Tighina (Romanian; Russian: Бендеры, Bendery; Ukrainian: Бендери, Bendery) is a city within the internationally recognized borders of Moldova under de facto control of the unrecognized PMR since 1992. Located on the right (western) bank of the river Dniester, together with its suburb Proteagailovca, the city forms a municipality, which is separate from Transnistria according to the Moldovan law. Bender is located in the buffer zone established at the end of the 1992 War of Transnistria.

While the Joint Control Commission has overriding powers in the city, Transnistria has de facto administrative control.

Name

First mentioned in 1408 as Тягянякяча (Tyagyanyakyacha) in a document in Old Slavonic, the town was known in the Middle Ages as Tighina in Moldavian sources and Bender in Ottoman sources. The fortress and the city were called Bender for the most part of the time they were a rayah of the Ottomans (1538-1812), and during most of the time they belonged to the Russian Empires (1828-1917). They were known as Tighina in the Principality of Moldavia, in the early part of the Russian Empire period (1812-1828), and during the time the city belonged to Romania (1918-1940).

The fortress of Tighina on a Moldovan stamp

The city is part of the historical region of Bessarabia. During the Soviet period the city was known in the Moldavian SSR as Бендер (Bender) in Moldovan (Romanian) written then with the Cyrillic alphabet, and as Бендéры (Bendery) in Russian. In the independent Moldova, officially it is known as Bender, but otherwise both names Bender and Tighina are used.^[2]

History

The remnants of fortress walls with the Dniester River in the background.

The Fortress of Tighina (Bender).

The town was first mentioned as an important customs post in a commerce grant issued by the Moldavian voivode Alexander the Good to the merchants of Lviv on October 8, 1408. The name "Tighina" is found in documents from the second half of the 15th century. The town was the main Moldavian customs point on the commercial road linking the country to Tatar Crimea.^[3] During his reign of Moldavia, Stephen III had a small wooden fort built in the town to defend the settlement from Tatar raids.^[4]

The historical military cemetery in the city.

In 1538, the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent conquered the town from Moldavia, and renamed it Bender. Its fortifications were developed into a full fortress under the same name under the supervision of the Turkish architect Koji Mimar Sinan. The Ottomans used it to keep the pressure on Moldavia.

In the 18th century, the fort's area was expanded and modernized by the prince of Moldavia Antioh Cantemir, who carried out these works under Ottoman supervision.

Potemkin burial place in Kherson

In 1713, the fortress, the town, and the neighboring village Varniţa were the site of skirmishes (kalabalik) between Charles XII of Sweden, who had taken refuge there with the Cossack Hetman Ivan Mazepa after their defeat in the Battle of Poltava, and Turks who wished to enforce the departure of the Swedish king.^[5]

During the second half of the 18th century, the fortress fell three times to the Russians during the Russo-Turkish Wars (in 1770, 1789, and finally in 1806 without a fight).

Along with Bessarabia, the city was annexed to the Russian Empire in 1812, and remained part of the Russian Governorate of Bessarabia until 1917.

Tighina was part of the Moldavian Democratic Republic in 1917-1918, and after 1918, as part of Bessarabia, the city belonged to Romania, where it was the seat of Tighina County.

Along with Bessarabia, the city was occupied by the Soviet Union on June 28, 1940, following an ultimatum. In the course of World War II, it was retaken by Romania in July 1941, and again by the USSR in August 1944.

In 1940-41, and 1941-1991 it was one of the four "republican cities" (i.e. not subordinated to a district) of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union. Since 1991, the city is part of the independent Republic of Moldova.

A monument of an Infantry fighting vehicle of the breakaway Transnistrian "army".

During the War of Transnistria (1992), because of the city's key strategic location on the right bank of Dniester river, 10 km from left-bank Tiraspol, it was the biggest of the three battlefields of that war.^[6]

Since 1992, Bender is formally in the demilitarized zone established at the end of the conflict, but is de facto controlled by Transnistrian authorities. Moldovan authorities control the commune of Varniţa, which fringes the city to the north. Transnistrian authorities control the communes of Proteagailovca, which borders the city to the west, Gîsca, which borders the city to the south-west, Chiţcani and Cremenciug, further to the south-east, while Moldovans are in control of Copanca, further to the south-east.

Administration

Vyacheslav Kogut is the city's current mayor.

People and culture

Demographics

At the 2004 Census, the city had a population of 100,169, of which the city itself 97,027, and the commune of Proteagailovca, 3,142.

Note: ¹ Since the independence of Moldova, there is an ongoing controversy over whether Romanians and Moldovans are the same ethnic group. At the census, every citizen could only declare one nationality. Consequently, one could not declare oneself both Moldovan and Romanian.

Famous natives

Bender Railway Station

Famous people born in the city include:

• Two Ottoman Grand Viziers known as Benderli Pasha
• Constantin Andronic, artist
• Lev Simonovich Berg, Jewish Soviet zoologist and geographer
• Tamara Buciuceanu, Romanian actress
• Emil Constantinescu, former President of Romania
• Iuliu Filippovitch Edlis, dramatist, writer
• Evgenii Konstantinovitch Fiodorov, Russian geophysicist
• Jerzy Neyman, Polish statistician
• Michael Postan, British economic historian
• Anna Pavlovna Tanskaia, singer

Sport

FC Dinamo Bender is the city's professional football club, playing in the top Moldovan football league, the Divizia Naţională.

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Bender is twinned with:

• Cavriago, Italy
• Montesilvano, Italy
• Ochamchira, Abkhazia, Georgia

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tighina

• (Polish) Bendery (Bender) in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (1880)
• City portal
• Map of the city
• Bender travel information

v • d • e Cities and communes of Transnistria District seat: Tiraspol Municipalities Tiraspol | Bender (disputed) Cities Camenca | Crasnoe | Dnestrovsc | Dubăsari | Grigoriopol | Maiac | Rîbniţa | Slobozia | Tiraspolul Nou Communes Andreevca | Beloci | Bâcioc | Blijnii Hutor | Broşteni | Butor | Butuceni | Caragaş | Caterinovca | Carmanova | Cioburciu | Cobasna | Colosova | Comisarovca Nouă | Corotna | Crasnencoe | Crasnâi Octeabri | Crasnâi Vinogradari | Crasnogorca | Cuzmin | Delacău | Doibani I | Dubău | Dzerjinscoe | Frunză | Ghidirim | Goian | Haraba | Harmaţca | Hârjău | Hârtop | Hlinaia, Grigoriopol | Hlinaia, Slobozia | Hristoforovca | Hruşca | Jura | Lenin | Lunga | Mălăieşti | Mihailovca | Mocra | Molochişul Mare | Nezavertailovca | Ocniţa | Ofatinţi | Parcani | Pervomaisc | Plopi | Podoima | Popencu | Raşcov | Rotari | Severinovca | Slobozia-Raşcov | Sovietscoe | Speia | Stroieşti | Sucleia | Şipca | Taşlâc | Teiu | Târnauca | Ţâbuleuca | Ulmu | Vadul Turcului | Valea Adâncă | Vărăncău | Vinogradnoe | Vladimirovca Villages of sub-city or sub-commune level Solnecinoe | Crasnoe | Pâcalova | Şmalena | Novovladimirovca | India | Sadchi | Cotovca | Fedoseevca | Mocearovca | Suhaia Râbniţa | Cobasna, loc. st. cf | Crasnaia Besarabia | Pobeda | Bosca | Coşniţa Nouă | Pohrebea Nouă | Dimitrova | Ivanovca | Alexandrovca | Afanasievca | Alexandrovca Nouă | Calinovca | Lunga Nouă | Voitovca | Crasnaia Gorca | Doibani II | Coicova | Goianul Nou | Andriaşevca Nouă | Andriaşevca Veche | Novocotovsc | Prioziornoe | Uiutnoe | Novosaviţcaia, loc. st. c. f. | Iagorlâc | Mihailovca Nouă | Sărăţei | Bruslachi | Marian | Mocreachi | Frunzăuca | Pervomaisc | Pobeda | Stanislavca | Cerniţa | Basarabca | Şevcenco | Zaporojeţ | Novaia Jizni | Podoimiţa | Chirov | Vladimirovca | Zăzuleni | Iantarnoe | Bodeni | Socolovca | Vasilievca | Vesioloe | Tocmagiu | Ulmul Mic | Lâsaia Gora | Molochişul Mic | Constantinovca | Buschi | Gherşunovca | Constantinovca | Nicolscoe Sub-districts Camenca | Dubăsari | Grigoriopol | Râbniţa | Slobozia

v • d • e Cities of Moldova (alphabetical order) Municipalities Chişinău (national capital) · Bălţi · Bender (Tighina)2 Capitals of autonomous units Comrat3 · Tiraspol1,3 District seats4 Anenii Noi · Basarabeasca · Briceni · Cahul · Cantemir · Călăraşi · Căuşeni · Cimişlia · Criuleni · Donduşeni · Drochia · Edineţ · Făleşti · Floreşti · Glodeni · Hînceşti · Ialoveni · Leova · Nisporeni · Ocniţa · Orhei · Rezina · Rîşcani · Sîngerei · Soroca · Străşeni · Şoldăneşti · Ştefan Vodă · Taraclia · Teleneşti · Ungheni Other cities Biruinţa · Bucovăţ · Căinari · Camenca1 · Ceadîr-Lunga · Codru · Corneşti · Costeşti · Crasnoe1 · Cricova · Cupcini · Dnestrovsc1 · Dubăsari1 · Durleşti · Frunză · Ghindeşti · Grigoriopol1 · Iargara · Lipcani · Maiac1 · Mărculeşti · Otaci · Rîbniţa1 · Sîngera · Slobozia1 · Tiraspolul Nou1 · Vadul lui Vodă · Vatra · Vulcăneşti 1 In Transnistria. 2 Controlled by the Transnistrian authorities. 3 Also a municipality. 4 The seat of Dubăsari District is the commune of Cocieri (not a city).

v • d • e Administrative divisions of Moldova Districts Anenii Noi · Basarabeasca · Briceni · Cahul · Cantemir · Călăraşi · Căuşeni · Cimişlia · Criuleni · Donduşeni · Drochia · Dubăsari · Edineţ · Făleşti · Floreşti · Glodeni · Hînceşti · Ialoveni · Leova · Nisporeni · Ocniţa · Orhei · Rezina · Rîşcani · Sîngerei · Soroca · Străşeni · Şoldăneşti · Ştefan Vodă · Taraclia · Teleneşti · Ungheni Autonomous regions Găgăuzia · Transnistria1 Municipalities Chişinău  · Bălţi · Bender 1 The political status of Transnistria is not settled.

Coordinates: 46°50′N 29°29′E / 46.833°N 29.483°E / 46.833; 29.483