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Toke Atoll

 
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Toke Atoll

Map of Toke Atoll
Geography
Toke Atoll is located in Marshall islands
Toke Atoll
Toke Atoll (Marshall islands)
Location North Pacific
Coordinates 11°17′N 169°37′E / 11.283°N 169.617°E / 11.283; 169.617
Archipelago Marshall Islands
Total islands 6
Major islands 1
Area 36.18 square miles (93.7 km2)
Country
Marshall Islands
Toke Atoll - Landsat Image, 2000

Toke Atoll (also known as Taka) is a small, uninhabited atoll in the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. It is one of the smaller atolls in the Marshalls and located at 11°17′N 169°37′E / 11.283°N 169.617°E / 11.283; 169.617. It is visited regularly by the residents of nearby Utirik Atoll.

Contents

Geography

The atoll is 100.00 miles (160.93 km) north of Majuro Atoll, the capital of the Marshall Islands, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southwest of Utirik Atoll. It comprises six islands with a combined land area of 0.22 square miles (0.57 km2) and a lagoon area of 35.96 square miles (93.1 km2).[1]

Physical features

The atoll is roughly triangular in shape, its length and width approximately 9 miles. The highest point is 15 feet. The small land area is the second smallest in the Marshalls, besting only Bikar. Among its islets, only Toke, Eluk, and Lojrong are large enough to support permanent vegetation. The other sand islets have shown considerable shifting in size and location over the years. Ground water sampled from the midsection of Toke islet is brackish, with chloride levels of 440 to 840 ppm (compared to 19400 ppm for sea water) [2] With a moderately shallow lagoon and single, deep, narrow western passage through the reef, Toke and its neighbor Utirik are an intermediate atoll type between the shallow, perched lagoons of Bokak and Bikar, and the deep lagoons and many reef passages of the central Marshall atolls. [3]

Based on the results of drilling operations on Enewetak (Eniwetok) Atoll, in the nearby Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands, Toke may include as much as 4600 feet of reef material atop a basalt rock base. As most local coral growth stops at about 150 feet below the ocean surface, such a massive stony coral base suggests a gradual isostatic subsidence of the underlying extinct volcano,[4] which itself rises 10000 feet from the surrounding ocean floor. Shallow water fossils taken from just above Enewetak's basalt base are dated to about 55 mya.[5]

Soils are ultimately based on storm-driven ridges of coral rubble, standing 2 to 4 feet high. Away from the shorelines, soils are primarily sandy.[6] A thick layer of humus with a phosphate hardpan lies under the Pisonia forests.[7]

Climate

Toke is moderately dry, with annual precipitation in the range of 60 to 70 inches. Air temperature is usually near 82°F. The prevailing trade winds are from the northeast.[8] Rainfall in the Marshalls is primarily influenced by the equatorial front, which expands seasonally to 11 degrees north. To the north of that zone, rainfall quickly falls off. A quarter degree further north of Toke, annual rainfall at Enewetak Atoll is 49 inches per year. [9]

Vegetation

Facing the lagoon shore, about a quarter of Toke islet is planted in coconuts with a thick Embossed fern ground cover. There is a small grove of Pisonia grandis, while the rest of the islet is covered with brushy woods of Tournefortia, Yellow Purslane, Pandanus, fringed by Lepturus repens grasses, Fleurya ruderalis shrubs, Boerhavia, and other typical Marshallese species. There is also a tiny grove of Pisonia on Lojiron. [10][11][12]

Fauna

Toke supports a healthy coral reef, [13] with over 93 coral types identified. [14] Evidence of green sea turtle nesting has been found on the three largest islets, and hawksbill sea turtles have been seen along the outer reef. The lagoon is home to the rare giant clam Tridacna gigas, as well as smaller giant clam varieties. The number of specimens is lower than that seen at Bokak and Bikar, perhaps because of poaching by foreign fishermen. [15]

Nineteen bird species are presently known on Toke Atoll. These include the Reef Heron, the migratory Pectoral Sandpiper and accidental examples of the Spotted Sandpiper and Skua, for which Toke is their only sighting in Marshall Islands. Others include the resident Crested Tern, Sooty Tern, Brown Noddy, Black Noddy, White Tern, Black-naped Tern, and the migrant Wedge-tailed Shearwater, Red-tailed Tropicbird, Red-footed Booby, Brown Booby, Great Frigatebird, Golden Plover, Bristle-thighed Curlew, Wandering Tattler, and Ruddy Turnstone.[16]

History

Prehistory

Although humans migrated to the Marshall Islands about 2000 years ago[17], there appear to be no traditional Marshallese artifacts present that would indicate any long-term settlement. The lack of potable water and tiny lot of arable land compared to nearby Utirik has discouraged settlement. The atoll is traditionally occupied for brief periods for seasonal harvesting of copra, fish, turtles, coconut crabs, and other resources. [18] Along with the other uninhabited northern Ratak atolls of Bikar and Bokak, Toke was traditionally the hereditary property of the Ratak atoll chain Iroji Lablab. The exploitation of resources was regulated by custom, and overseen by the Iroji.[19]

19th century

A number of Western ships recorded landfall on or passage by Toke during the 1800s, but no attempt at settlement or establishment of food animals was noted, likely due to the convenience of the settlement on nearby Utirik.[20]

The Russian brig Rurik, Captain Otto von Kotzebue, visited in the summer, 1817 during a search for a north passage between western Russia and its North American territories.[21]

20th century to present

The Marshall Islands were added to the protectorate of German New Guinea in 1906. Using the justification that uninhabited atolls were unclaimed, the Germans seized Toke as government property, despite the protests of the Iroji. [22]

In 1914, Japan occupied the Marshall Islands, and transferred German government properties to their own, including Toke. Like the Germans before them, the Japanese colonial administration did not attempt to exploit the atoll, and the Northern Radak Marshallese continued to hunt and fish unmolested.[23]

While en route from the US to Asia in April 1953, LST 1138, later commissioned as USS Steuben County, dropped anchor at Toke to search for rumored Japanese WWII-era stragglers. The landing party found no signs of any current occupants.[24]

The Castle Bravo fallout pattern

Toke Atoll was within the fallout zone of the Castle Bravo nuclear test. The degree of contamination in coconuts and coconut crabs is unknown, but levels are monitored on nearby Utirik. [25]

A 1981 study of fish and invertebrates within the lagoon found that the level of radio-nucleotides in muscle tissue was within the range found in fish products imported to the US and Japanese markets. The worldwide source of seafood-borne radio-nucleotides is a result of atmospheric nuclear testing since 1945, and therefore any residual activity from the 1950s Castle series of tests contributes only a small fraction of the contamination within the lagoon's sea life.[26]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Marshall Islands Atoll Information
  2. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 419, page 40
  3. ^ Ibid., page 26
  4. ^ Geoscience Research Institute
  5. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 260
  6. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 113, page 21
  7. ^ Atoll Bulletin Research No. 330, page 52
  8. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 127
  9. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 30, page 2
  10. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 38, page 6
  11. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39
  12. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 330
  13. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 419, page 1
  14. ^ Ibid., page 32
  15. ^ Ibid., page 45
  16. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 127
  17. ^ University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
  18. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 38, page 20
  19. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 11
  20. ^ Ships visiting the Marshall Islands
  21. ^ The Romanzov Exploring Expedition
  22. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 11
  23. ^ Ibid.
  24. ^ C.D. Pardee
  25. ^ Atoll Research Bulletin No. 419, page 71
  26. ^ Department of Health, Safety, and Security , DOE

References

External links

v • d • e
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain
(Sunrise, Eastern)
Bokak (Taongi) • Bikar • Utirik • Toke • Mejit • Ailuk • Jemo • Likiep • Wotje • Erikub • Maloelap • Aur • Majuro • Arno • Mili • Knox (Nadikdik)
Ralik Chain
(Sunset, Western)
Enewetak • Ujelang • Bikini • Rongerik • Rongelap • Ailinginae • Wotho • Ujae • Lae • Kwajalein • Lib • Namu • Jabat • Ailinglaplap • Jaluit • Kili • Namorik • Ebon
Bold: Populated; Italics: Single island

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