Tonofibril: Information from Answers.com

Tonofibrils are cytoplasmic protein structures in epithelial tissues^[1] that converge at desmosomes and hemidesmosomes.

Tonofilaments are also associated with desmosomes (macula adherens), anchoring them to the cytoskeleton.

Composition

They are made of keratin (a type of intermediate filament in the cytoskeleton) tonofilaments.^[2] Tonofilaments are keratin intermediate filaments that make up tonofibrils in epithelial tissue.

The protein filaggrin is believed to have an important role in holding them together as tonofibrils.

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1-12	type I (COL1A1, COL1A2) · type II (COL2A1) · type III · type IV (COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5, COL4A6) · type V (COL5A1, COL5A2, COL5A3) · type VI (COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3) · type VII (COL7A1) · type VIII (COL8A1, COL8A2) · type IX (COL9A1, COL9A2, COL9A3) · type X (COL10A1) · type XI (COL11A1, COL11A2) · type XII (COL12A1)

13-29	COL13A1 · COL14A1 · COL15A1 · COL16A1 · COL17A1 · type XVIII (COL18A1, Endostatin) · COL19A1 · COL20A1 · COL21A1 · COL22A1 · COL23A1 · COL24A1 · COL25A1 · COL26A1 · COL27A1 · COL28A1 · COL29A1

Enzymes	Prolyl hydroxylase/Lysyl hydroxylase · Cartilage associated protein/Leprecan · ADAMTS2 · Procollagen peptidase · Lysyl oxidase

Other

Epithelial keratins (soft alpha-keratins)	type I/chromosome 17 (10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20) · chromosome 12 (18) · none (21) type II/chromosome 12 (1, 2A, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7, 8, 9)

Hair keratins (hard alpha-keratins)	type I/chromosome 17 (31, 32, 33A, 33B, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38) type II/chromosome 12 (81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86)

Ungrouped alpha	chromosome 17 (23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 39, 40) chromosome 12 (71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80)

Not alpha	Beta-keratin

Other

see also diseases

Human

Myofilament	Actins (A1, A2, B, G1, G2) Myosins (1A, 1B, 1C, MYH1, MYH2, MYH3, MYH4, MYH6, MYH7, MYH7B, MYH8, MYH9, MYH10, MYH11, MYH13, MYH14, MYH15, MYH16) Tropomodulin (1, 2, 3, 4) · Troponin (T 1 2 3, C 1 2, I 1 2 3) · Tropomyosin (1, 2, 3, 4) other related: Actinin (1, 2, 3, 4) · Arp2/3 complex · actin depolymerizing factors (Cofilin (1, 2) · Destrin) · Gelsolin · Profilin (1, 2)

Other	Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein

Other

Nonhuman

Types

Features

Lateral/cell-cell	Tight junction (Claudin, Occludin) · Adherens junction (Cadherin) · Desmosome (Desmoplakin, Plakoglobin, Tonofibril, Desmoglein) · Gap junction (Connexon, Connexin)

Basal/cell-matrix	Basal lamina · Hemidesmosome (Tonofibril) · Focal adhesion · Costamere

Apical	Cilia · Microvilli · Stereocilia

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